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RE1 --UNIT 5C ，紀(jì)錄片講到了紐約的建筑群。

事實(shí)上， 第一座紐約的摩天大樓skycrapper建于1902年，紐約的地鐵也于1904年開通。今天就來講講20世紀(jì)之前的紐約這座偉大城市的故事。

Europeans Arrive

Possibly the first Europeans to visit New York Harbor were Vikings under Leif Ericson around A.D. 1000, but if they arrived, they left no trace. 

第一批造訪紐約港的歐洲人可能是公元1000年左右列夫·埃里克森(Leif Ericson)手下的維京人，但即使他們到了紐約，也沒有留下任何痕跡。

In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson found New York Bay and the Hudson River while exploring for the Dutch. 

1609年，英國探險(xiǎn)家亨利·哈德遜在為荷蘭人探險(xiǎn)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了紐約灣和哈德遜河。

After sailing to the New World on the Halve Maen, Henry Hudson explored the mighty river that would later be named for him. Samuel de Champlain explored the northeastern region of the area now called New York and discovered his namesake, Lake Champlain.

亨利·哈德遜乘“半門號(hào)”航行到新大陸后，探索了那條后來以他的名字命名的雄偉河流。塞繆爾·德·尚普蘭(Samuel de Champlain)探索了現(xiàn)在被稱為紐約的東北部地區(qū)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了與他同名的尚普蘭湖(Lake Champlain)。

In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from the Indians for about 60 Dutch guilders (worth about $24) and turned it into a trading post, calling it the New Amsterdam.

1626年荷蘭人以價(jià)值大約60個(gè)荷蘭盾（相當(dāng)24美元）的小物件從印第安人手中買下曼哈頓島辟為貿(mào)易站，稱之為“新阿姆斯特丹”。

The Dutch laid claim to the surrounding land and began to settle the area. They traded with the natives for beaver furs which were popular in Europe at the time for making hats.

荷蘭人宣稱對(duì)周圍的土地?fù)碛兄鳈?quán)，并開始在該地區(qū)定居。他們與當(dāng)?shù)厝私粨Q海貍皮，海貍皮在當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲很流行，用來做帽子。

Colonization

The first Dutch settlement was Fort Nassau established in 1614. Soon more settlements were built including Fort Orange in 1624 (which would later become Albany) and Fort Amsterdam in 1625. 

荷蘭人的第一個(gè)殖民地是1614年建立的Fort Nassau。不久，更多的定居點(diǎn)被建立起來，包括1624年的奧蘭治堡(后來成為奧爾巴尼)和1625年的阿姆斯特丹堡。

Fort Amsterdam would become the city of New Amsterdam which would later become New York City.

阿姆斯特丹堡成為了荷蘭人命名的新阿姆斯特丹市，也就是后來的紐約市。

Over the next several years, the Dutch colony continued to grow. People from many countries moved into the area including many from England.

在接下來的幾年里，這個(gè)荷蘭的殖民地繼續(xù)增長。許多國家的人搬到這個(gè)地區(qū)，包括許多來自英國的人。

The first Dutch settlement was established in 1624  ; for 40 years the Dutch ruled over the colony of New Netherland.

從1624年第一個(gè)荷蘭殖民地建立， 荷蘭人統(tǒng)治這塊新荷蘭殖民地長達(dá)40年。

French and Indian War

By 1664, the English showed up in battleships, ready for a nasty fight. The governer Peter Stuyvesant was tired, though, and avoided bloodshed by surrendering without a shot. As a result , New Amsterdam was ceded to Britain

到1664年，英國人出現(xiàn)在戰(zhàn)列艦上，準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)惡戰(zhàn)。然而，總督彼得·斯圖伊維桑特已經(jīng)疲憊不堪，為了避免流血，他一槍未開就投降了。于是，新阿姆斯特丹割讓給了英國。 

King Charles II promptly renamed the colony after his brother the Duke of York. 

國王查理二世立即以他兄弟約克公爵的名字將這塊殖民地重新命名為New York，即新約克。 

（注：約克是英國一個(gè)古老的城市，當(dāng)時(shí)也是英國的首都，這個(gè)命名是再好不過的。關(guān)于New York 的來歷有人認(rèn)為是以當(dāng)時(shí)英國公爵約克， 1685年登基的詹姆斯三世命名。）

In 1686, New York City was officially founded. 

1686年， 紐約正式建市。

Over the next few decades, the colony’s Dutch look became decidedly English, as elegant townhouses sprouted up.

在接下來的幾十年里，隨著優(yōu)雅的聯(lián)排別墅如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)，這個(gè)殖民地的荷蘭風(fēng)格明顯變成了英國風(fēng)格。

New York becoming a prosperous British port and population rose to 11, 000 by the mid 1700s. 

到18世紀(jì)中期，紐約已成為繁榮的一個(gè)英國港口，人口增至11000人。

But at the same time, colonists were becoming resentful over British taxation.

但與此同時(shí)，殖民者開始對(duì)英國的稅收感到不滿。

Freedom of press

       自由之光

New York continued to grow and had about 7,000 inhabitants by 1700. The first newspaper was published in 1725. 

紐約繼續(xù)發(fā)展，到1700年約有7000名居民。第一份報(bào)紙出版于1725年。

The trial and acquittal of John Peter Zenger, publisher of the New York Journal, marked an important step in the establishment of freedom of the press. King`s College, now Columbia University, was founded in 1754.

對(duì)《紐約日?qǐng)?bào)》發(fā)行人約翰·彼得·曾格的審判和無罪釋放標(biāo)志著在建立新聞自由方面邁出了重要的一步。國王學(xué)院，即現(xiàn)在的哥倫比亞大學(xué)，成立于1754年。

American Revolution

             獨(dú)立

After serving as a colony of Great Britain for more than a century, New York declared its independence on July 9, 1776, becoming one of the original 13 states of the Federal Union.

為大不列顛的殖民地，紐約在1776年7月9日宣布獨(dú)立，成為聯(lián)邦最初的13個(gè)州之一。

When the thirteen colonies decided to rebel against Britain and declare their independence, New York was in the middle of the action. 

當(dāng)13個(gè)殖民地決定反抗自己祖國英國并宣布獨(dú)立時(shí)，紐約正處于這場(chǎng)行動(dòng)的中心。

(圖：1776年推倒英國喬治三世國王的雕像）

The first major battle of the American Revolution, after independence was declared, was the Battle of Long Island in August 1776. 

在美國宣布獨(dú)立后，美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的第一個(gè)主要戰(zhàn)役是1776年8月的長島戰(zhàn)役。

About one-third of all the military engagements of the American Revolution took place in New York state. The British held New York City to the war’s end. 

美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)八年期間，大約三分之一的軍事交戰(zhàn)發(fā)生在紐約州。英國人一直控制著紐約直到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束。

On November 25, the last British troops evacuated New York City, which had been occupied by the British since September 1776. This was the last British military position in the US. After they departed, US General George Washington entered the city in triumph to the cheers of New Yorkers.

11月25日，最后一批英國軍隊(duì)撤離了紐約市，這座城市自1776年9月以來一直被英國占領(lǐng)。這是英國在美國的最后一個(gè)軍事陣地。他們離開后，大陸軍總司令喬治·華盛頓在紐約人的歡呼聲中凱旋而入。

New York City became the first capital of the United States. In 1789, it was the site of George Washington's inauguration as the first US President; it remained the nation's capital until 1790.

紐約市成為美國的第一個(gè)首都。1789年，這里是喬治·華盛頓將軍就任美國第一任總統(tǒng)的地方; 它一直是美國的首都，直到1790年。

New York City in the 19th Century

19世紀(jì)的紐約

The city recovered quickly from the war, and by 1810 it was one of the nation’s most important ports. It played a particularly significant role in the cotton economy: Southern planters sent their crop to the East River docks, where it was shipped to the mills of Manchester and other English industrial cities. Then, textile manufacturers shipped their finished goods back to New York.

這座城市很快從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中恢復(fù)過來，到1810年，它已經(jīng)成為美國最重要的港口之一。它在棉花經(jīng)濟(jì)中發(fā)揮了特別重要的作用:南方的種植園主將他們的作物運(yùn)到東河碼頭，然后運(yùn)到曼徹斯特和其他英國工業(yè)城市的紡織廠。然后，紡織品制造商將他們的成品運(yùn)回紐約。

(歡迎移民的自由女神）

Meanwhile, increasing number of immigrants, first from Germany and Ireland during the 1840s and 50s and then from Southern and Eastern Europe, changed the face of the city. They settled in distinct ethnic neighborhoods, started businesses, joined trade unions and political organizations and built churches and social clubs. For example, the predominantly Irish-American Democratic club known as Tammany Hall became the city’s most powerful political machine by trading favors such as jobs, services and other kinds of aid for votes.

與此同時(shí)，越來越多的移民改變了這座城市的面貌，這些移民先是在19世紀(jì)40年代和50年代來自德國和愛爾蘭，然后是南歐和東歐的移民。他們定居在不同種族的社區(qū)，開始做生意，加入工會(huì)和政治組織，建造教堂和社交俱樂部。

例如，主要由愛爾蘭裔美國人組成的坦慕尼協(xié)會(huì)通過交換諸如就業(yè)、服務(wù)和其他形式的選票援助等好處，成為該市最強(qiáng)大的政治機(jī)器。

New York City in the 20th Century

In the 20th century New York City continued to grow. In the 1980s large numbers of Asians migrated to the city. By 1980 New York had a population of 7 million.

在20世紀(jì)，紐約市繼續(xù)發(fā)展。在20世紀(jì)80年代，大量的亞洲人移居到這座城市。到1980年，紐約人口已達(dá)700萬。

1902,  New York City’s first skyscraper was built: the 21-story Flatiron building at 23rd Street and Fifth Avenue.

1902年，紐約市第一座摩天大樓建成:位于第23街和第五大道上的Flatiron大樓。

1904,  New York City’s first subway line, called the IRT, opened.

1904年，紐約市第一條名為IRT的地鐵線開通。

Many famous buildings were built in New York City in the early 20th century. The Flatiron Building was built in 1902. New York Public Library opened in 1911. The Woolworth Building was erected in 1913. The same year, 1913, Grand Central Station opened. The Chrysler building was erected in 1930 and the Empire State Building was erected in 1931. Also in 1931 the General Electric Building was built. The Rockefeller Center was built in 1932-1940.

許多著名的建筑是在20世紀(jì)初在紐約市建造的。熨斗大廈建于1902年。紐約公共圖書館于1911年開放。伍爾沃斯大廈建于1913年。同年，也就是1913年，中央車站開放?？巳R斯勒大廈建于1930年，帝國大廈建于1931年。通用電氣大樓也是在1931年建成的。洛克菲勒中心建于1932-1940年。

Furthermore Times Square is named after the New York Times, which moved there in 1904.

此外，時(shí)代廣場(chǎng)是以1904年搬到這里的《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》命名的。

Meanwhile Williamsburg Bridge was built in 1903 and Queensboro Bridge followed in 1909. Manhattan Bridge was also built in 1909. George Washington Bridge was built in 1931. Verrazano Narrows Bridge was built in 1964.

與此同時(shí)，威廉斯堡大橋于1903年建成，隨后的昆斯伯勒大橋于1909年建成。曼哈頓橋也建于1909年。喬治華盛頓大橋建于1931年。維拉薩諾海峽大橋建于1964年。

Many museums opened in New York City during the 20th century. The Museum of the city of New York was founded in 1923. The Museum of Modern Art was founded in 1929. 

許多博物館在20世紀(jì)在紐約市開放。紐約市博物館成立于1923年。現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館成立于1929年。

There is no place like New York.

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