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01

Discover The Rulers Of The Mesozoic Era!

中生代的統(tǒng)治者

The word ‘dinosaur’ was invented by the English biologist Sir Richard Owen. He first used the term ‘Dinosauria’ in 1842, when he needed a word for a new group of animals that he had recently identified.

“恐龍”一詞是由英國(guó)生物學(xué)家理查德·歐文爵士發(fā)明的。他第一次使用“恐龍”這個(gè)詞是在1842年，當(dāng)時(shí)他需要一個(gè)詞來(lái)表示他最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一群新動(dòng)物。

The word comes from two Greek words: ‘deinos’, which means ‘terrible’, and ‘sauros’, which means ‘lizard’. Therefore ‘dinosaur’ means ‘terrible lizard’.

這個(gè)詞來(lái)自?xún)蓚€(gè)希臘詞:deinos，意思是“可怕的”，sauros，意思是“蜥蜴”。因此，“恐龍”的意思是“可怕的蜥蜴”。

Although – strictly speaking – dinosaurs aren’t lizards, it’s still a very fitting name!

雖然嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，恐龍不是蜥蜴，但它仍然是一個(gè)非常合適的名字!

This may surprise you, but dinosaurs are still alive … it’s just that today we call them birds!

Evolution, by the way, is how animals change over time. It doesn’t happen overnight. 

順便說(shuō)一下，進(jìn)化是指動(dòng)物如何隨著時(shí)間而改變。這不是一夜之間發(fā)生的。

02

What Makes a Dinosaur a Dinosaur? 

Dinosaurs were a tremendously varied group of animals. Some dinosaurs were grazers, some were predators, some lived in herds, some had horns and some had armour, but despite all these differences, there were things that all dinosaurs had in common.

恐龍是一種極其多樣化的動(dòng)物。有些恐龍是食草動(dòng)物，有些是食肉動(dòng)物，有些是群居動(dòng)物，有些有角，有些有盔甲，但盡管有這些差異，所有恐龍都有一些共同之處。

Dinosaurs lived between 250 and 65 million years ago, from the early Triassic period to the end of the Cretaceous period.

恐龍生活在距今2.5億到6500萬(wàn)年前，從三疊紀(jì)早期到白堊紀(jì)末期。

Dinosaurs were land animals, and (most) could not fly.

恐龍是陸地動(dòng)物，而且(大多數(shù))不會(huì)飛。

(Pterosaurs, the famous ‘flying dinosaurs’, were not actually dinosaurs. Neither were ‘swimming dinosaurs’ such as mosasaurs.)

翼龍，著名的“飛行恐龍”，實(shí)際上并不是恐龍。像滄龍這樣的“游泳恐龍”也不是。

There were many different types of dinosaur, and they lived in many different habitats. There were meat-eating, plant-eating and omnivorous dinosaurs, and many evolved to have specialist diets such as seeds or insects.

有許多不同種類(lèi)的恐龍，它們生活在許多不同的棲息地。有食肉恐龍、植食恐龍和雜食性恐龍，其中許多進(jìn)化到有專(zhuān)門(mén)的食物，如種子或昆蟲(chóng)。

Dinosaurs ranged in size from the chicken-sized compsognathus (and some recently discovered species that are even smaller) to the giant sauropods – including the Titanosaurs, the biggest known dinosaurs.

恐龍的體型從雞大小的秀頜龍(一些最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種甚至更小)到巨大的蜥腳類(lèi)動(dòng)物——包括已知的最大恐龍——雷龍。

Some dinosaurs walked on two legs, some on four, and some (such as the iguanadon) were able to walk on both two and four legs.

有些恐龍用兩條腿走路，有些用四條腿，還有一些(比如鬣蜥)可以用兩條腿和四條腿走路

Characteristics Of Dinosaurs: Summary

總結(jié)恐龍的特征:

Reptilian

Straight legs projecting downwards from body.

Lived on land.

(Most) could not fly.

Lived from the early Triassic period to the end of the Cretaceous period.

爬行動(dòng)物
從身體向下伸出的直腿。
住在陸地上。
(大多數(shù))不會(huì)飛。
生活于三疊紀(jì)早期至白堊紀(jì)末期。

03

Types Of Dinosaurs

We’ve all heard of dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus Rex, Stegosaurus and Allosaurus. Each of these, and all of the other famous dinosaurs, were one of either of the two main types of dinosaur, Ornithischia and Saurischia.

我們都聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)霸王龍、劍龍和異特龍這樣的恐龍。這兩種恐龍，以及其他所有著名的恐龍，都屬于鳥(niǎo)臀目恐龍和蜥蜴目恐龍這兩種主要類(lèi)型中的一種。

 Ornithischia 鳥(niǎo)臀目

The name ‘Ornithischia’ comes from the Greek for ‘bird-hipped’. The hip bones of these dinosaurs are similar to those of present-day birds.

“鳥(niǎo)臀目恐龍”這個(gè)名字來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)，意為“鳥(niǎo)臀目恐龍”。這些恐龍的髖骨與現(xiàn)在的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)相似。

Confusingly, birds are actually descended from the Saurischians, rather than the Ornithischians.

令人困惑的是，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)實(shí)際上是蜥蜴的后代，而不是鳥(niǎo)臀目。

Ornithischians were herbivorous (plant-eating) dinosaurs. Early Ornithischians were small and bipedal (walking on two legs). However, as they evolved, the ornithischians came to be more varied than the saurischians. Most well-known ornithischians walked on four legs.

鳥(niǎo)臀目是食草恐龍。早期的鳥(niǎo)臀目恐龍?bào)w型較小，是兩足動(dòng)物(用兩條腿走路)。然而，隨著它們的進(jìn)化，鳥(niǎo)臀目變得比蜥蜴目更加多樣化。最著名的鳥(niǎo)臀目龍是用四條腿走路的。

Some examples of ornithischians include the armoured dinosaurs such as ankylosaurus and stegosaurus, ornithopods such as Iguanodon, and ceratopsians such as triceratops.

鳥(niǎo)臀目的一些例子包括甲龍和劍龍等披甲恐龍，禽龍等鳥(niǎo)腳亞目，以及三角龍等角龍。

Saurischia

蜥臀目

Saurischian means ‘lizard-hipped’; this type of dinosaur’s hip bones resemble those of a lizard.

蜥臀目這種恐龍的髖骨類(lèi)似于蜥蜴的髖骨。

This group of dinosaurs includes all of the famous carnivorous (meat-eating) species you’ve no doubt seen in films such as ‘Jurassic Park’. These are the theropods; dinosaurs that walked on two powerful legs, and which had long tails, short arms, and big jaws! Examples of theropods include Allosaurus, Oviraptor, and Tyrannosaurus.

這群恐龍包括了你在《侏羅紀(jì)公園》等電影中所見(jiàn)過(guò)的所有著名的食肉恐龍。這些是獸腳亞目恐龍;用兩條有力的腿走路的恐龍，還有長(zhǎng)尾巴，短臂和大嘴的恐龍!獸腳亞目恐龍的例子包括異特龍、竊蛋龍和暴龍。

The other main type of saurischian dinosaurs were the sauropods. These were huge, herbivorous dinosaurs, with small heads, long necks, and four stout legs to carry their enormous weight. Well-known sauropods include Apatosaurus, Diplodocus and Brontosaurus.

蜥龍的另一種主要類(lèi)型是蜥腳類(lèi)動(dòng)物。它們是巨大的食草恐龍，頭小，脖子長(zhǎng)，四條粗壯的腿來(lái)承受巨大的重量。著名的蜥腳類(lèi)動(dòng)物包括迷惑龍、梁龍和雷龍。

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