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Krubera Cave

RE2  最后一個(gè)單元（走向極限挑戰(zhàn)） 里， 我們學(xué)習(xí)了世界上最深的洞穴，在驚嘆大自然奇觀的同時(shí)， 我們最最佩服的還是那些冒著巨大生命危險(xiǎn)和困難去探索神秘的探險(xiǎn)愛好者。

課本精彩絕倫地描繪了一個(gè)探索Krubera 洞穴的年輕人，渴望挑戰(zhàn)一個(gè)又一個(gè)的極限，希望到達(dá)到更深的世界紀(jì)錄， 甚至不惜一次又一次地返回去， 只為了能再多走一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。那些深不可測繞不開的路，總又給人一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)希望。 

我找了一個(gè)簡短的介紹短片，雖然是中文的，但是我們可以較為直觀地感受到挑戰(zhàn)這個(gè)洞穴的人體極限。 在本文最后我們可以看到。

Krubera Cave - Journeying to the Depths of Georgia in One of the World’s Deepest Caves

Krubera Cave is thought to be the deepest cave on earth. This natural wonder, found in the Republic of Georgia , is renowned among cavers due to its arduous challenges and the subterranean depth.

克魯貝拉洞穴被認(rèn)為是地球上最深的洞穴。這一自然奇觀，發(fā)現(xiàn)于格魯吉亞共和國，因其艱巨的挑戰(zhàn)和地下深度而在洞穴中聞名。

庫魯伯亞拉洞穴Krubera (又稱Voronja) Cave，坐落在格魯吉亞阿布哈茲共和國加格拉區(qū)的阿拉貝卡山中，靠近阿拉貝卡山中加格拉范圍的的西高加索，洞穴入口海拔高度2250米。它于1960年被蘇聯(lián)著名洞穴科學(xué)家Alexander Krube發(fā)現(xiàn)，因此優(yōu)先命名為Krubera Cave庫魯伯亞拉洞穴。

The Geology and Layout of Krubera Cave

庫魯伯亞拉洞穴的地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)

The cave is located in the Arabika Massif of the Gagra Range of the Western Caucasus and overlooks the Black Sea . It is not the only cave in the area, there are many others in the north-west of Georgia, and in fact Krubera is not far from the world’s another deepest cave, the Voronya Cave system. It is a mere 80 feet (24 meters) or so deeper than the third deepest cave which is in the Austrian Alps .

該洞穴位于西高加索加格拉山脈的阿拉皮卡山區(qū)，俯瞰黑海。它并不是該地區(qū)唯一的洞穴，在喬治亞州的西北部還有許多其他的洞穴，而且事實(shí)上，Krubera離世界上另一個(gè)最深的洞穴Voronya洞穴系統(tǒng)很近。它僅比位于奧地利阿爾卑斯山的第三深的洞穴深80英尺(24米)左右。

The depth of the cave as measured from the entrance to the distance of the deepest explored point is approximately 7,200 feet (2,200 meters). The entrance is surprisingly narrow for such a large cavern and the bottom was only located in 2001.

洞穴的深度從洞口到最深探測點(diǎn)的距離約為7200英尺(2200米)。對于這么大的洞穴來說，入口非常狹窄，底部直到2001年才發(fā)現(xiàn)。

The geology of the cave is of limestone that dates from the Cretaceous and Jurassic ages. There are several underground springs and pools within it, and according to those who explored the system, it consists of a number of deep pits connected by passageways. The best known of these is the Cascade pit which is over 500 feet (152 meters) deep and the bottom has a pool of water. Many freezing sumps (water-filled pits) and water cascades have also been discovered.

這個(gè)洞穴的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造是可以追溯到白堊紀(jì)和侏羅紀(jì)時(shí)代的石灰?guī)r。在它里面有幾個(gè)地下泉水和水池，根據(jù)那些探索這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的人，它由許多由通道連接的深坑組成。其中最著名的是瀑布坑，其深度超過500英尺(152米)，底部有一個(gè)水池。還發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多結(jié)冰的水池(充水的坑)和瀑布。

Many freezing sumps and water cascades have also been discovered.

許多冷凍水池和水瀑被探險(xiǎn)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)。

Speleological History of Krubera Cave

庫魯伯亞拉洞穴的探索歷史

The cave was not explored until the 1960s. The local population was aware of the cave but did not have the means to explore it. The first experts to really study the Krubera Cave entrance were a group of Soviet speleologists who reported that they believed they had found an underground system that was unusually deep.

這個(gè)洞穴直到20世紀(jì)60年代才被探索過。當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裰肋@個(gè)洞穴，但沒有辦法去探索它。第一批真正研究Krubera洞穴入口的專家是一群蘇聯(lián)洞穴學(xué)家，他們報(bào)告說，他們相信自己發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)異常深的地下系統(tǒng)。

Soviet speleologists reported that they believed they had found an underground system that was unusually deep. 

This team named the underground system after a great Russian geographer, Alexander Kruber, who is regarded as one of the founders of speleology. He was one of the first to survey of the area and published several papers on the caves and their geology. An alternate name for the site is Crow's Cave ( Vronja), in recognition of all the crows who nest in its vicinity.

這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)以偉大的俄羅斯地理學(xué)家亞歷山大·克魯伯的名字為這個(gè)地下系統(tǒng)命名，他被認(rèn)為是洞穴學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人之一。他是最早調(diào)查該地區(qū)的人之一，并發(fā)表了幾篇關(guān)于洞穴及其地質(zhì)學(xué)的論文。這個(gè)地方的另一個(gè)名字是烏鴉洞(Vronja)，用來識(shí)別在附近筑巢的烏鴉。

There were no further expeditions until the 1980s, when a group of Ukrainian speleologists conducted the first large-scale expedition into the caverns. They were able to push down into the narrow connecting chambers and through tight choke points to a depth of 900 feet (274 meters).

直到20世紀(jì)80年代，才有了進(jìn)一步的探險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)時(shí)一群烏克蘭的洞穴學(xué)家對這個(gè)洞穴進(jìn)行了第一次大規(guī)模的探險(xiǎn)。他們能夠向下推進(jìn)，進(jìn)入狹窄的連接室，通過緊密的阻塞點(diǎn)，到達(dá)深度900英尺(274米)。

Due to the instability brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union , the cave was not explored for the next two decades. In 2001 an American expedition revived interest in the cave and on a series of Krubera cave expeditions they gradually managed to discover more pits, meanders, tunnels, and passages. Underground divers explored the many bodies of water of the cave system.

由于蘇聯(lián)解體帶來的不穩(wěn)定，這個(gè)洞穴在接下來的20年里沒有被探索。2001年，一支美國探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)重新喚起了人們對這個(gè)洞穴的興趣，在一系列的克魯貝拉洞穴探險(xiǎn)中，他們逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多的坑洞、彎道、隧道和通道。地下潛水員探測了洞穴系統(tǒng)中的許多水體。

Underground divers explored the many bodies of water of the cave system.

In 2012, a Ukrainian diver reached the deepest point of Krubera at a depth of over 2,000 feet (600 meters), which at the time was a world record. In 2017 a team proved that the Veryovkina Cave, also in Abkhazia, was the world’s deepest.

2012年，一名烏克蘭潛水員到達(dá)了克魯貝拉最深的地方，深度超過2000英尺(600米)，這在當(dāng)時(shí)是一項(xiàng)世界紀(jì)錄。2017年，一個(gè)研究小組證明，同樣位于阿布哈茲的Veryovkina洞穴是世界上最深的。

RE課本里也提到了這個(gè)烏克蘭潛水員創(chuàng)造的紀(jì)錄。

The Everest of Caves

洞穴中的珠穆朗瑪峰

To explore this site is an ambition of many cavers and it is known as the Everest of Caves. Descending into the caves requires great planning and resources, including tents and breathing equipment. One recent expedition to Krubera took two weeks exploring the underground labyrinth. It is only now, after 20 years of near constant exploration, that we have a reliable map of Krubera Cave and some believe that more pits and passageways remain undiscovered.

探索這個(gè)地方是許多洞穴探險(xiǎn)者的雄心壯志，它被稱為洞穴中的珠穆朗瑪峰。進(jìn)入洞穴需要很好的計(jì)劃和資源，包括帳篷和呼吸設(shè)備。最近克魯貝拉的一次探險(xiǎn)用了兩周時(shí)間探索地下迷宮。直到現(xiàn)在，經(jīng)過近20年的不斷探索，我們才有了一份可靠的克魯貝拉洞穴地圖，有些人認(rèn)為還有更多的坑洞和通道沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。

Exploring Krubera Cave is Not for Everyone

During their expedition to Krubera Voronja in the Kuruberala Cave, scientists discovered an interesting underground community. This deep cave community is made up of burrowing organisms and epiphytes. They live below 2,000 meters, and more than 12 species of arthropods are found in all. Most common are cave scorpions, parasites, transparent fish. In addition to the discovery of the world's deepest living arthropods, a number of new scientific species have been discovered.

在對庫魯伯亞拉洞穴Krubera Voronja的探險(xiǎn)中，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)有趣的地下群落。這個(gè)深洞穴生物群由穴居生物和表生物種組成。它們生活在2000米以下的世界，總共發(fā)現(xiàn)有12種以上的節(jié)肢動(dòng)物。常見的有洞穴擬蝎、寄生蟲、透明魚類。除了發(fā)現(xiàn)有世界上最深的居住節(jié)肢動(dòng)物外，還發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些新的科學(xué)物種。

As it holds the title of the world's deepest cave, The Kuruberara Caves attract many cave-lovers to explore each year. Equipped, the explorers descend vertically to a point where they can reach  and then venture deeper along the limestone walls. Not only do you have to pass through narrow stone paths, but sometimes you have to dive through cold water.

由于庫魯伯亞拉洞穴享有世界最深洞穴的頭銜，因此每年都會(huì)吸引許多洞穴愛好者前來探險(xiǎn)。探險(xiǎn)者們準(zhǔn)備好各種裝備，垂直下降到可直達(dá)的位置后，再沿著石灰?guī)r巖壁向更深處探險(xiǎn)。不僅要經(jīng)過狹窄的石道，有時(shí)候還要潛水經(jīng)過寒冷的水域。

Only highly trained experts should enter Krubera Cave as it is incredibly dangerous.

最后我們一起看看這些挑戰(zhàn)者面臨的最深洞穴。

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