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RE2  

洞穴探險，英文叫Caving，是世界上最危險的四大極限探險運動之一。進入陌生的洞穴，探索未知的地下世界。

Reading Explorer2 UNIT 12 單元講述了洞穴探險，課文介紹了Krubera Cave.

洞穴的吸引力是，你永遠都不知道洞穴里下一秒會有什么驚人發(fā)現。接下來就跟蜜雪老師一起去課本以外，看一看全球10個最神秘的的巖洞吧！

Adventure travelers are often willing to go to the ends of the Earth just to have an opportunity to witness first hand some of the truly spectacular landscapes that spread out across our planet. From snowcapped mountain peaks to endless miles of ocean coastlines, there are certainly plenty of breathtakingly beautiful places that have the managed to capture our imaginations. But some of the most beautiful places aren't necessarily found on the surface of the planet at all. In fact, there is plenty to be seen beneath it as well. 

冒險旅行者通常愿意去地球的盡頭，只是為了有機會親眼目睹散布在地球上的一些真正壯觀的景觀。從白雪皚皚的山峰到綿延無盡的海岸線，確實有很多令人嘆為觀止的美麗地方，它們都設法抓住了我們的想象力。事實上，一些最美麗的地方并不一定是在地球表面。事實上，在地球之下，也有很多奇觀。

Some of the most amazing sights that nature has to offer can actually be found inside the Earth's countless caverns and caves, with potentially thousands of miles of subterranean tunnels to be explored. With that in mind, here are ten great cave systems that every adventure traveler should have on his or her list of places to visits. 

在地球上無數的洞穴和洞穴中，人們發(fā)現了大自然最令人驚嘆的景色，還有可能有數千英里的地下隧道有待探索。這里有十個壯觀的洞穴系統，每個探險旅行者都應該記錄到自己的旅行清單上。

01

Carlsbad Caverns National Park (United States)卡爾斯巴德洞窟國家公園

Southern New Mexico is home to one of the best cave systems in the entire world in the form of Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Over the centuries, sulfuric acids have dissolved the limestone there, creating one of the most magnificent underground landscapes found anywhere on the planet. With more than 119 known chambers and over a hundred miles of passageways, Carlsbad Caverns is a true wonder to behold. 

新墨西哥州南部的卡爾斯巴德洞穴國家公園是世界上最好的洞穴系統之一。幾個世紀以來，硫酸溶解了那里的石灰?guī)r，形成了地球上最壯觀的地下景觀之一。有超過119個已知的洞穴和超過100英里的通道，卡爾斯巴德洞穴是一個真正的奇跡。

Top of the list is the "Big Room," a massive chamber that is more than 4000 feet (1220 meters) in length, 625 feet (191 meters) in width, and 255 feet (78 meters) tall. Visitors can choose to hike down into the caves themselves or take an elevator from the visitor center that drops an impressive 754 feet (230 meters) over the course of just a few minutes.

排在首位的是“大房間”，這個巨大的房間長4000英尺(1220米)，寬625英尺(191米)，高255英尺(78米)。游客們可以選擇自己徒步進入洞穴，也可以從游客中心乘坐電梯，在短短幾分鐘內，游客中心的高度就會下降到令人印象深刻的754英尺(230米)。

02

美國 · 猛犸洞  Mammoth Cave

Mammoth Cave is the longest cave in the world. Mammoth Cave National Park , which is in the central state of Kentucky ,is a World Heritage site. Mammoth Cave is named after the mammoth of ancient times, and the mammoth cave had reached a length of nearly 600 kilometers by 2006!

猛犸洞是世界上最長的洞穴，位于美國肯塔基州中部的猛犸洞國家公園，是世界自然遺產之一。猛犸洞以古時候長毛巨象猛犸命名，這個“巨無霸”洞穴截至2006年，已探出的長度近600公里！

Carlsbad Caverns isn't the only impressive cave system to be found in the United Sates. In fact, it isn't even the largest. That distinction goes to Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, which stretches for a mind-blowing 400 miles (640 km) of explored passages, making it easily the longest cave system in the entire world. It's carved limestone strata is surprisingly stable and beautiful, with twisting passageways and numerous chambers to wander through. 

卡爾斯巴德洞穴并不是美國唯一一個令人印象深刻的洞穴系統。事實上，它甚至不是最大的。這一殊榮要歸功于肯塔基州的猛犸洞，它的探險通道長達令人震驚的400英里(640公里)，使它輕而易舉地成為世界上最長的洞穴系統。它由雕刻的石灰?guī)r地層組成，出奇地穩(wěn)定和美麗，有蜿蜒的通道和無數的密室可供漫步。

Each year, additional tunnels continue to be discovered, leading deeper and deeper into the Earth. Many of those tunnels have yet to be mapped fully, and it remains to be seen just how massive Mammoth truly is. Park Rangers lead tours into the cave's depths on an almost daily basis, taking visitors on subterranean hikes that can last anywhere from 1-6 hours. Highlights include a trek down Grand Avenue past Frozen Niagara Falls and through the aptly named Fat Man's Misery. The more adventurous tours even venture far off the beaten path into caves that are seldom visited by travelers. 

每年都有更多的隧道被發(fā)現，通向地球的深處越來越深。許多隧道還沒有被完整地繪制出來，猛犸洞到底有多大還有待觀察。公園管理員幾乎每天都帶領游客進入洞穴深處，帶領游客進行地下徒步旅行，全程1-6小時不等。最精彩的部分包括沿著格蘭德大道徒步旅行，經過冰凍的尼亞加拉大瀑布，以及名字很貼切的“胖子的痛苦”。更具冒險精神的旅行甚至會遠離人跡罕至的路線，進入很少有人造訪的洞穴。

03

The Blue Grotto 藍洞

The Blue Grotto is a sea cave on the coast of the island of Capri, southern Italy. Sunlight passing through an underwater cavity and shining through the seawater creates a blue reflection that illuminates the cavern. The cave extends some 50 metres into the cliff at the surface, and is about 150 metres deep, with a sandy bottom.

藍洞是意大利南部卡普里島海岸上的一個海洞。陽光穿過水下的洞穴，透過海水產生藍色的反射，照亮了洞穴。洞穴表面延伸到懸崖處約50米，深約150米，底部為沙質。

Located on the Italian island of Capri, the Blue Hole is known for its sparkling, fairy-like waters of crystal blue waves and is considered one of the seven wonders of the world. The opening of the Blue Hole is at the bottom of the cliff and is so small that it is accessible only by boat.

藍洞位于意大利卡普里島，以其閃耀著恍若仙境般的晶藍波光海水而聞名，被譽為世界七大奇景之一。藍洞的洞口位于懸崖的下面，洞口很小，所以只能乘坐小船才能進入。

The Blue Hole is a sea cave 60 meters long and 25 meters wide. Due to the special structure of the cave, sunlight enters the cave from the mouth of the cave and reflects back from the bottom of the cave. While the sea water inside the cave is crystal blue, the rocks inside the cave also turn blue, so it is called "blue hole". The blue reflection, the refracting sun, will take you into another strange world.

藍洞是一個長60米、寬25米的海蝕洞。由于洞口的特殊結構，陽光從洞口進入洞內，又從洞內水底反射上來，洞內海水一片晶藍的同時，里面的巖石也變成了藍色，故稱“藍洞”。藍色的倒影，折射的太陽，將把你帶入另外一個奇異的世界。

04

俄羅斯 · 火山冰洞

Ice Cave Near The Mutnovsky Volcano

This bizarre volcanic ice cave is located on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. A stream of hot water flows beneath the glacier ice on Mutlovsky's flanks, creating a nearly one-kilometer long tunnel that provides access to the volcano's ice cave.

這個離奇的火山冰洞位于俄羅斯堪察加半島上。一股熱水在穆特洛夫斯基火山兩翼冰川冰的下方流動，形成了一條近一公里長的隧道，火山冰洞由此而來。

In recent years, the glacier on the Kamchatka peninsula volcano has begun to melt, and the top of this ice cave is now so thin that sunlight can pass through it and illuminate the ice structure inside, which appears strangely beautiful.

近年來，堪察加半島火山上的冰川開始融化，這個冰洞的頂部現在變得很薄，以至于陽光可以穿過它，照亮里面的冰結構，顯得十分奇異美麗。

05

墨西哥 · 納艾卡礦洞

Naica Mine

Located deep underground in Mexico's Chihuahuan Desert, the 1,000-foot Najaka Mine is famous for its unique crystals, the largest in the world.

納艾卡礦洞位于墨西哥奇瓦瓦沙漠地下深處，洞深達1000英尺，以其獨特的水晶而聞名，納艾卡水晶洞是世界上最大的水晶洞穴。

The complex topography of the cave, with crystals all over the cave, makes it very difficult to walk and makes it a paradise for explorers.

納艾卡礦洞內部的地形非常復雜，水晶遍布洞穴，形狀奇特，使游人行走非常困難，也使得這里成為了探險家們的樂園。

06

冰島 · 瓦特納冰川

Vatnajokull Glacier Cave

Located in the southeast of Iceland, Vatnajokull glacier is the largest glacier in Europe, after Antarctic glacier and Greenland glacier. Vatnajokull glacier is about 1,500 meters above sea level, and its non-static nature makes it a typical Icelandic landscape.

瓦特納冰川位于冰島的東南部，是歐洲最大的冰川，僅次于南極冰川和格陵蘭冰川。瓦特納冰川海拔約1500米，不靜止的特性使其成為了冰島的典型風光。

At present, the Vatna glacier is flowing into the warmer valleys at a rate of 800 meters per year. What's more, the Vatna Glacier is also known as the "land of ice and fire" for its lava, craters and hot lakes.

目前，瓦特納冰川以每年800米的速度流入較溫暖的山谷中。更令人感到奇特的是，在瓦特納冰川地區(qū)還分布著熔巖、火山口和熱湖，因此也被人們稱為“冰與火之地”。

07

越南 · 韓松洞  Son Doong Cave

It is located in Vietnam's Phongya Nongbang National Park. Most of the area has a cross-sectional area of about 80×80 meters. Discovered in a remote Vietnamese jungle, the researchers believe The Son Doong Cave has beaten the Deer Cave on The Malaysian state of Borneo to become the world's largest single natural cave.

韓松洞位于越南風牙者榜國家公園，絕大多數區(qū)域橫截面積達到約80×80米。韓松洞是考察隊員在越南偏遠的叢林中發(fā)現的，他們認為韓松洞擊敗了位于馬來西亞婆羅洲的鹿洞，成為迄今為止世界上最大的單個天然洞穴。

"The air flow in this enclosed space makes a lot of noise," said Spillan. "You can hear the river flowing at the entrance. The noise was so loud that it created a feeling of awe.

勘探人員斯皮蘭說：“這個封閉空間內的氣流發(fā)出巨大聲響，你能夠在入口處聽到河水流動的聲音。聲音非常大，令人產生一種畏懼感?！?/span>

08

Batu Caves  馬來西亞 · 黑風洞

The Batu Caves is a Hindu pilgrimage site with many Hindu shrines, so it is also known as Temple Cave. Located 11 kilometers north of Kuala Lumpur, it is a limestone cave group, nestled in the jungle in the middle of the mountain, from the foot of 272 steep steps up to reach, there are cable cars directly to the hole.

黑風洞是印度教的朝拜圣地，設有多座印度教神龕，所以又稱為廟洞（Temple Cave）。黑風洞位于吉隆坡北郊11公里處，是一個石灰?guī)r溶洞群，處在叢林掩映的半山腰，從山下循272級陡峭臺階而上即可到達，也有纜車直抵洞口。

黑風洞是在100多年前被發(fā)現的，以黑洞和光洞最為有名。光洞高約50～60米，寬約70～80米，由于洞頂有孔，陽光從巖隙中射進洞內，故名。暗洞在光洞左側，洞長366米，里面陰森透涼，小徑陡峭曲折，棲息著成千上萬只蝙蝠和蛇。

09

Mendenhall Glacier Cave

美國 · 曼德荷冰河洞穴

Located in the Juno Mandehe Valley, the Mandehe Glacier Cave is a karst cave shaped like a rock cave formed by the melting of summer glaciers. The ice cave takes years or even months to form, but it has a short period of existence and can collapse at any time.

曼德荷冰河洞穴位于朱諾曼德荷山谷，是夏季冰川消融形成的、形似巖石洞的喀斯特冰川，冰洞需要幾年甚至幾個月就可形成，但存在周期短，隨時都有可能塌陷。

That's why we have to strap ourselves in and hold hammers ,so we can go hundreds of feet deep into the ice cave and admire its bizarre shapes. It was full of grotesque sculptures of ice, devoid of life, and it was like being on another planet.

因此我們要身綁保險繩，手持鑿錘，才能深入幾百英尺深的冰洞，欣賞洞內千奇百怪的冰洞造型。這里面到處是冰形成的奇形怪狀的雕塑，沒有任何的生命體，有一種仿佛來到另一個星球上的感覺。

10

Glowworms Cave 新西蘭 · 螢火蟲洞穴

懷托摩螢火蟲洞（也稱螢火蟲洞、懷托摩洞）位于新西蘭的懷卡托的懷托摩溶洞地區(qū)，因其地下溶洞現象而聞名。地面下石灰?guī)r層構成了一系列龐大的溶洞系統，由各式的鐘乳石和石筍以及螢火蟲來點綴裝飾。

It is as mysterious and gorgeous as a star in the dark. Pass through an underground passage of 250 meters, take a boat to enter the deep cave. When your eyes get used to the darkness, you will witness thousands of fireflies emitting little fireflies in the darkness. It is really romantic and beautiful like a fairy tale.

它宛如黑暗中的星空般神秘絢麗。穿過一條250米的地下通道，乘船進入幽深的山洞，當眼睛適應了黑暗后，你將親眼目睹成千上萬的螢火蟲，在黑暗中發(fā)出點點螢火，真是童話般的浪漫和美麗。

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