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01

一美元：George Washington

George Washington (1732-99) was commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) and served two terms as the first U.S. president, from 1789 to 1797. 

喬治·華盛頓(1732-99)在美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭(1775-83)期間擔任大陸軍總司令，并于1789 - 1797年擔任兩屆美國總統(tǒng)。

The son of a prosperous planter, Washington was raised in colonial Virginia. As a young man, he worked as a surveyor then fought in the French and Indian War (1754-63). During the American Revolution, he led the colonial forces to victory over the British and became a national hero. 

作為一個富裕種植園主的兒子，華盛頓在弗吉尼亞殖民地長大。年輕時，他曾是一名測量員，后來參加了法印戰(zhàn)爭(1754-63)。在美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間，他領導殖民地軍隊戰(zhàn)勝了英國人，成為民族英雄。

By the late 1760s, Washington had experienced firsthand the effects of rising taxes imposed on American colonists by the British, and came to believe that it was in the best interests of the colonists to declare independence from England. Washington served as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 in Philadelphia. By the time the Second Continental Congress convened a year later, the American Revolution had begun in earnest, and Washington was named commander in chief of the Continental Army.

到18世紀60年代末，華盛頓親身經(jīng)歷了英國對美國殖民者加稅的影響，并開始相信，宣布從英國獨立是殖民地人民的最佳利益。1774年，華盛頓作為代表出席了在費城舉行的第一屆大陸會議。一年后，第二屆大陸會議召開，美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭正式開始，華盛頓被任命為大陸軍總司令。

America’s First President

In 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris between Great Britain and the U.S., Washington, believing he had done his duty, gave up his command of the army and returned to Mount Vernon, intent on resuming his life as a gentleman farmer and family man. However, in 1787, he was asked to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and head the committee to draft the new constitution. His impressive leadership there convinced the delegates that he was by far the most qualified man to become the nation’s first president.

1783年，隨著英國和美國簽訂《巴黎條約》，華盛頓相信他已經(jīng)完成了他的職責，放棄了他在軍隊的指揮權(quán)，回到弗農(nóng)山莊，決心恢復一個田園農(nóng)民和居家男人的生活。1787年，他被邀請參加費城的制憲會議，并領導委員會起草新憲法。他令人印象深刻的領導能力使代表們相信，他是當時最有資格成為美國第一位總統(tǒng)的人。

His two most prominent cabinet appointees were Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804), two men who disagreed strongly on the role of the federal government. Hamilton favored a strong central government and was part of the Federalist Party, while Jefferson favored stronger states’ rights as part of the Democratic-Republican Party, the forerunner to the Democratic Party. Washington believed that divergent views were critical for the health of the new government, but he was distressed at what he saw as an emerging partisanship.

他任命的兩個最重要的內(nèi)閣成員是國務卿托馬斯·杰斐遜(Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826)和財政部長亞歷山大·漢密爾頓(Alexander Hamilton, 1755-1804)，這兩人在聯(lián)邦政府的角色上有著強烈的分歧。漢密爾頓支持一個強有力的中央政府，他是聯(lián)邦黨人的一員，而杰斐遜支持作為民主黨前身的民主-共和黨的一部分，賦予各州更大的權(quán)利。華盛頓認為，不同的觀點對新政府的健康發(fā)展至關重要，但他對正在出現(xiàn)的黨派之爭感到不安。

George Washington’s presidency was marked by a series of firsts. He signed the first United States copyright law, protecting the copyrights of authors. He also signed the first Thanksgiving proclamation, making November 26 a national day of Thanksgiving for the end of the war for American independence and the successful ratification of the Constitution.

喬治·華盛頓的總統(tǒng)任期有一系列的“第一”。他簽署了美國第一部版權(quán)法，保護作者的版權(quán)。他還簽署了第一個感恩節(jié)公告，使11月26日成為全國感恩節(jié)，以紀念美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)束和美國憲法的成功批準。

George Washington’s Retirement to Mount Vernon and Death

Washington returned to Mount Vernon and devoted his attentions to making the plantation as productive as it had been before he became president. More than four decades of public service had aged him, but he was still a commanding figure. In December 1799, he caught a cold after inspecting his properties in the rain. The cold developed into a throat infection and Washington died on the night of December 14, 1799 at the age of 67. He was entombed at Mount Vernon, which in 1960 was designated a national historic landmark.

華盛頓回到弗農(nóng)山莊，全身心地繼續(xù)投入到他的田園種植，希望種植園能恢復到他就任總統(tǒng)之前的模樣。然而，40多年的從政使他衰老了很多。1799年12月，他在雨中查看財政后患了感冒。感冒后來發(fā)展成咽喉感染，華盛頓于1799年12月14日晚去世，享年67歲。他被安葬在弗農(nóng)山莊，那里在1960年被指定為國家歷史地標。

身高188cm的喬治華盛頓不僅在1789年，他經(jīng)過全體選舉團無異議的支持而成為美國第一任總統(tǒng)（其同時也成為全世界第一位以“總統(tǒng)”為稱號的國家元首，首任總統(tǒng)，其他的還都稱為國王之類的），在接連兩次選舉中都獲得了全體選舉團無異議支持，一直擔任總統(tǒng)直到1797年。他在兩屆的任期中設立了許多持續(xù)到今天的政策和傳統(tǒng)。

在兩屆任期結(jié)束后，他自愿放棄權(quán)力不再謀求續(xù)任，成為了美國總統(tǒng)今后的示范，從此美國總統(tǒng)最多不超過兩任共八年的任期（除了二戰(zhàn)之外的富蘭克林.羅斯福）

02

二美元：Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), author of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in America’s early development. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia. 

托馬斯·杰斐遜(1743-1826)是《獨立宣言》的作者，也是美國第三任總統(tǒng)，他是美國早期發(fā)展的主要人物。在美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭(1775-83)期間，杰斐遜在弗吉尼亞州議會和大陸會議任職，并擔任弗吉尼亞州州長。

He later served as U.S. minister to France and U.S. secretary of state, and was vice president under John Adams (1735-1826). Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican who thought the national government should have a limited role in citizens’ lives, was elected president in 1800. 

他后來擔任美國駐法公使和美國國務卿，并在約翰·亞當斯(John Adams, 1735-1826年)政府中擔任副總統(tǒng)。杰斐遜是民主黨和共和黨人，他認為國家政府應該在公民生活中發(fā)揮有限的作用，并于1800年當選總統(tǒng)。

During his two terms in office (1801-1809), the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory and Lewis and Clark explored the vast new acquisition. Although Jefferson promoted individual liberty, he was also a slave owner. After leaving office, he retired to his Virginia plantation, Monticello, and helped found the University of Virginia.

在他的兩個任期內(nèi)(1801-1809)，美國購買了路易斯安那州的領土，路易斯和克拉克探索了這片巨大的新土地。盡管杰斐遜提倡個人自由，但他同時也是一個奴隸主。卸任后，他退休回到他在弗吉尼亞的種植園蒙蒂塞洛，并幫助建立了弗吉尼亞大學。

     美國開國元勛之一，與華盛頓、本杰明·富蘭克林并稱為美利堅開國三杰。

　　除了政治事業(yè)外，杰斐遜同時也是農(nóng)業(yè)學、園藝學、建筑學、詞源學、考古學、數(shù)學、密碼學、測量學與古生物學等學科的專家；又身兼作家、律師與小提琴手；也是弗吉尼亞大學的創(chuàng)辦人。許多人認為他是歷任美國總統(tǒng)中智慧最高者，并且在他去世前，他宣布解放了他擁有的所有奴隸。

　　他在任期間保護農(nóng)業(yè)，托馬斯·杰斐遜是個重農(nóng)主義者，這在當時的美國來看是沒有錯的，因為當時的美國95%的人口都是農(nóng)業(yè)人口，但是與此同時，托馬斯·杰斐遜也注意培育和發(fā)展民族資本主義工業(yè)。從法國手中購買路易斯安那州，使美國領土近乎增加了一倍。

03

十美元 ：Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury 

In 1789, Washington was unanimously elected as the first president of the United States; he appointed Hamilton as the first secretary of the U.S. Treasury. Seeking to provide lasting financial stability for the new nation, Hamilton argued for the importance of a national banking system and the federal government’s assumption of state debts. Hamilton’s financial policies faced strong opposition from Madison and Thomas Jefferson, then secretary of state, who thought they put far too much power in the hands of the federal government.

1789年，華盛頓被一致推選為美國第一任總統(tǒng);他任命漢密爾頓為美國第一任財政部長。為了給這個新國家提供持久的金融穩(wěn)定，漢密爾頓強調(diào)了國家銀行體系和聯(lián)邦政府承擔州債務的重要性。漢密爾頓的財政政策遭到麥迪遜和當時的國務卿托馬斯·杰斐遜的強烈反對，他們認為這些政策讓聯(lián)邦政府掌握了太多的權(quán)力。

Hamilton’s Rivalry With Aaron Burr

Hamilton and Aaron Burr had been political opponents since the debate over the Constitution in 1789. Burr angered Hamilton further by running successfully against Hamilton’s father-in-law, Philip Schuyler, for the U.S. Senate in 1791. “I fear [Burr] is unprincipled both as a public and private man,” Hamilton wrote in 1792, adding that “I feel it a religious duty to oppose his career.”

自從1789年的憲法辯論以來，漢密爾頓和亞倫·伯爾一直是政治對手。1791年，伯爾成功地與漢密爾頓的岳父菲利普·斯凱勒(Philip Schuyler)競選美國參議員，這進一步激怒了漢密爾頓。漢密爾頓在1792年寫道:“我擔心(伯爾)無論是作為一個公眾人物還是一個普通人，都是沒有原則的。我覺得反對他的職業(yè)生涯是一種宗教責任?！?/span>

He made good on this in 1800, after Federalist divisions led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr, both Democratic-Republicans, in the 1800 presidential election. Even though Jefferson had long been his political rival, Hamilton helped sway Federalists in Congress to vote in Jefferson’s favor to break the tie and defeat Burr.

1800年，在聯(lián)邦黨人的分裂導致杰斐遜和伯爾產(chǎn)生了關聯(lián)。在1800年的總統(tǒng)選舉中，盡管杰斐遜長期以來一直是他的政治對手，漢密爾頓還是幫助國會中的聯(lián)邦黨人投票支持杰斐遜，從而打破了僵局，擊敗了伯爾。

Largely sidelined by Jefferson as vice president, Burr decided to run for governor of New York in 1804. After he lost, largely due to the opposition of powerful party rivals, the frustrated Burr fixated on a newspaper article, published during the gubernatorial campaign, which claimed that Hamilton had insulted him at a private dinner. He wrote to Hamilton confronting him about the slight. When Hamilton characteristically refused to back down, Burr challenged him to a duel.

1804年，伯爾決定競選紐約州州長，在杰斐遜擔任副總統(tǒng)期間，他基本上是被忽視的。敗選后，沮喪的伯爾開始關注在州長競選期間發(fā)表的一篇報紙文章，該文章稱漢密爾頓在一次私人晚宴上侮辱了他。他寫信給漢密爾頓，就這一侮辱當面質(zhì)問他。漢密爾頓以他的性格拒絕讓步，伯爾向他提出決斗的挑戰(zhàn)。

On July 11, 1804, Hamilton and Burr met on the dueling ground in Weehawken, New Jersey. Both men fired. Hamilton's shot missed, in fact, some historians believe Hamilton never intended to hit Burr, but meant to “throw away his shot.” Burr’s bullet, however, mortally wounded Hamilton, who died the next day of his injuries.

1804年7月11日，漢密爾頓和伯爾在新澤西州維霍肯的決斗場上相遇，兩人都開槍決斗。漢密爾頓沒有擊中，事實上，一些歷史學家認為，漢密爾頓并沒有打算擊中伯爾，而是想開一槍出去。然而，伯爾的子彈使?jié)h密爾頓受了致命傷，第二天他就死了。

    亞歷山大·漢密爾頓，美國的第一任財政部長，有可能是美國歷史上第一位具有現(xiàn)代金融理念和建立了現(xiàn)代金融體系的美國人，美國政黨制度的創(chuàng)建者。

　　在美國的開國元勛中，沒有哪位的生與死比亞歷山大·漢密爾頓更富戲劇色彩了。在為美國后來的財富和勢力奠定基礎方面，也沒有哪位開國老臣的功勞比得上漢密爾頓。

04

100美元----第一名真正的美國人 

One of the leading figures of early American history, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a statesman, author, publisher, scientist, inventor and diplomat. 

本杰明·富蘭克林(1706-1790)是美國早期歷史上的主要人物之一，他是一位政治家、作家、出版商、科學家、發(fā)明家和外交家。

Born into a Boston family of modest means, Franklin had little formal education. He went on to start a successful printing business in Philadelphia and grew wealthy. Franklin was deeply active in public affairs in his adopted city, where he helped launch a lending library, hospital and college and garnered acclaim for his experiments with electricity, among other projects. 

富蘭克林出生在波士頓一個中等收入的家庭，他幾乎沒有接受過正規(guī)教育。后來，他在費城創(chuàng)辦了一家成功的印刷企業(yè)，并變得富有起來。富蘭克林在他所居住的城市積極參與公共事務，在那里，他幫助建立了一個借閱圖書館、醫(yī)院和大學，并因他的電實驗和其他項目而贏得了贊譽。

During the American Revolution, he served in the Second Continental Congress and helped draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He also negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War (1775-83). In 1787, in his final significant act of public service, he was a delegate to the convention that produced the U.S. Constitution.

在美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間，他參加了第二屆大陸會議，并幫助起草了1776年的獨立宣言。他還參與了結(jié)束獨立戰(zhàn)爭(1775-83)的1783年《巴黎條約》的談判。1787年，他作為代表參加了制定美國憲法的大會，這是他為公眾服務的最后一項重要舉措。

   印在最大面值上的人，是被譽為是“第一名真正的美國人”的本杰明富蘭克林，不像其他面額的鈔票上的人，本杰明富蘭克林沒有當過美國總統(tǒng)。

　　他是美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭時重要的領導人之一，參與了多項重要文件的草擬，并曾出任美國駐法國大使，成功取得法國支持美國獨立。本杰明·富蘭克林曾經(jīng)進行多項關于電的實驗，并且發(fā)明了避雷針，最早提出電荷守恒定律。他還發(fā)明了雙焦點眼鏡，蛙鞋等等。本杰明·富蘭克林被選為英國皇家學會院士。他曾是美國首位郵政局長。

   早年，17歲的富蘭克林應總督之邀去倫敦幫助采購印刷設備，借此機會游歷歐洲，學問大長，眼界也大開?；氐奖泵篮?，他與朋友合開了一家印刷店，印刷和出版了賓夕法尼亞第一份報紙《賓夕法尼亞報》。這一年，他22歲。緊接著，就是本杰明富蘭克林傳奇的人生了，傳奇的程度就像他人生的最后用自己年輕時寫的一段話作為結(jié)束語：

The Body of B. Franklin, Printer, 印刷商， B·富蘭克林的軀體

Like the Cover of an old Book, 就像一本舊書的封面

Its Contents torn out, 沒有了內(nèi)容

And stript of its Lettering and Gilding,字跡斑駁，鍍金脫落

Lies here, Food for Worms.躺在這里，成為蠕蟲的食物

But the Work shall not be lost: 但是他的工作成果不會丟失

For it will, as he believed, appear once more, 就像他所期待，所相信的那樣，再次出現(xiàn)

In a new & more perfect Edition,以新的更完美的版本

Corrected and Amended 更正和修訂

By the Author.由作者本人著

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