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今天換種方式繼續(xù)講歷史故事

01

一美元：George Washington

George Washington (1732-99) was commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) and served two terms as the first U.S. president, from 1789 to 1797. 

喬治·華盛頓(1732-99)在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)(1775-83)期間擔(dān)任大陸軍總司令，并于1789 - 1797年擔(dān)任兩屆美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。

The son of a prosperous planter, Washington was raised in colonial Virginia. As a young man, he worked as a surveyor then fought in the French and Indian War (1754-63). During the American Revolution, he led the colonial forces to victory over the British and became a national hero. 

作為一個(gè)富裕種植園主的兒子，華盛頓在弗吉尼亞殖民地長(zhǎng)大。年輕時(shí)，他曾是一名測(cè)量員，后來(lái)參加了法印戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)(1754-63)。在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)殖民地軍隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)勝了英國(guó)人，成為民族英雄。

By the late 1760s, Washington had experienced firsthand the effects of rising taxes imposed on American colonists by the British, and came to believe that it was in the best interests of the colonists to declare independence from England. Washington served as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 in Philadelphia. By the time the Second Continental Congress convened a year later, the American Revolution had begun in earnest, and Washington was named commander in chief of the Continental Army.

到18世紀(jì)60年代末，華盛頓親身經(jīng)歷了英國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)殖民者加稅的影響，并開(kāi)始相信，宣布從英國(guó)獨(dú)立是殖民地人民的最佳利益。1774年，華盛頓作為代表出席了在費(fèi)城舉行的第一屆大陸會(huì)議。一年后，第二屆大陸會(huì)議召開(kāi)，美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)正式開(kāi)始，華盛頓被任命為大陸軍總司令。

America’s First President

In 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris between Great Britain and the U.S., Washington, believing he had done his duty, gave up his command of the army and returned to Mount Vernon, intent on resuming his life as a gentleman farmer and family man. However, in 1787, he was asked to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and head the committee to draft the new constitution. His impressive leadership there convinced the delegates that he was by far the most qualified man to become the nation’s first president.

1783年，隨著英國(guó)和美國(guó)簽訂《巴黎條約》，華盛頓相信他已經(jīng)完成了他的職責(zé)，放棄了他在軍隊(duì)的指揮權(quán)，回到弗農(nóng)山莊，決心恢復(fù)一個(gè)田園農(nóng)民和居家男人的生活。1787年，他被邀請(qǐng)參加費(fèi)城的制憲會(huì)議，并領(lǐng)導(dǎo)委員會(huì)起草新憲法。他令人印象深刻的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力使代表們相信，他是當(dāng)時(shí)最有資格成為美國(guó)第一位總統(tǒng)的人。

His two most prominent cabinet appointees were Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804), two men who disagreed strongly on the role of the federal government. Hamilton favored a strong central government and was part of the Federalist Party, while Jefferson favored stronger states’ rights as part of the Democratic-Republican Party, the forerunner to the Democratic Party. Washington believed that divergent views were critical for the health of the new government, but he was distressed at what he saw as an emerging partisanship.

他任命的兩個(gè)最重要的內(nèi)閣成員是國(guó)務(wù)卿托馬斯·杰斐遜(Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826)和財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)亞歷山大·漢密爾頓(Alexander Hamilton, 1755-1804)，這兩人在聯(lián)邦政府的角色上有著強(qiáng)烈的分歧。漢密爾頓支持一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的中央政府，他是聯(lián)邦黨人的一員，而杰斐遜支持作為民主黨前身的民主-共和黨的一部分，賦予各州更大的權(quán)利。華盛頓認(rèn)為，不同的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)新政府的健康發(fā)展至關(guān)重要，但他對(duì)正在出現(xiàn)的黨派之爭(zhēng)感到不安。

George Washington’s presidency was marked by a series of firsts. He signed the first United States copyright law, protecting the copyrights of authors. He also signed the first Thanksgiving proclamation, making November 26 a national day of Thanksgiving for the end of the war for American independence and the successful ratification of the Constitution.

喬治·華盛頓的總統(tǒng)任期有一系列的“第一”。他簽署了美國(guó)第一部版權(quán)法，保護(hù)作者的版權(quán)。他還簽署了第一個(gè)感恩節(jié)公告，使11月26日成為全國(guó)感恩節(jié)，以紀(jì)念美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)束和美國(guó)憲法的成功批準(zhǔn)。

George Washington’s Retirement to Mount Vernon and Death

Washington returned to Mount Vernon and devoted his attentions to making the plantation as productive as it had been before he became president. More than four decades of public service had aged him, but he was still a commanding figure. In December 1799, he caught a cold after inspecting his properties in the rain. The cold developed into a throat infection and Washington died on the night of December 14, 1799 at the age of 67. He was entombed at Mount Vernon, which in 1960 was designated a national historic landmark.

華盛頓回到弗農(nóng)山莊，全身心地繼續(xù)投入到他的田園種植，希望種植園能恢復(fù)到他就任總統(tǒng)之前的模樣。然而，40多年的從政使他衰老了很多。1799年12月，他在雨中查看財(cái)政后患了感冒。感冒后來(lái)發(fā)展成咽喉感染，華盛頓于1799年12月14日晚去世，享年67歲。他被安葬在弗農(nóng)山莊，那里在1960年被指定為國(guó)家歷史地標(biāo)。

身高188cm的喬治華盛頓不僅在1789年，他經(jīng)過(guò)全體選舉團(tuán)無(wú)異議的支持而成為美國(guó)第一任總統(tǒng)（其同時(shí)也成為全世界第一位以“總統(tǒng)”為稱號(hào)的國(guó)家元首，首任總統(tǒng)，其他的還都稱為國(guó)王之類的），在接連兩次選舉中都獲得了全體選舉團(tuán)無(wú)異議支持，一直擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)直到1797年。他在兩屆的任期中設(shè)立了許多持續(xù)到今天的政策和傳統(tǒng)。

在兩屆任期結(jié)束后，他自愿放棄權(quán)力不再謀求續(xù)任，成為了美國(guó)總統(tǒng)今后的示范，從此美國(guó)總統(tǒng)最多不超過(guò)兩任共八年的任期（除了二戰(zhàn)之外的富蘭克林.羅斯福）

02

二美元：Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), author of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in America’s early development. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia. 

托馬斯·杰斐遜(1743-1826)是《獨(dú)立宣言》的作者，也是美國(guó)第三任總統(tǒng)，他是美國(guó)早期發(fā)展的主要人物。在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)(1775-83)期間，杰斐遜在弗吉尼亞州議會(huì)和大陸會(huì)議任職，并擔(dān)任弗吉尼亞州州長(zhǎng)。

He later served as U.S. minister to France and U.S. secretary of state, and was vice president under John Adams (1735-1826). Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican who thought the national government should have a limited role in citizens’ lives, was elected president in 1800. 

他后來(lái)?yè)?dān)任美國(guó)駐法公使和美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿，并在約翰·亞當(dāng)斯(John Adams, 1735-1826年)政府中擔(dān)任副總統(tǒng)。杰斐遜是民主黨和共和黨人，他認(rèn)為國(guó)家政府應(yīng)該在公民生活中發(fā)揮有限的作用，并于1800年當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。

During his two terms in office (1801-1809), the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory and Lewis and Clark explored the vast new acquisition. Although Jefferson promoted individual liberty, he was also a slave owner. After leaving office, he retired to his Virginia plantation, Monticello, and helped found the University of Virginia.

在他的兩個(gè)任期內(nèi)(1801-1809)，美國(guó)購(gòu)買(mǎi)了路易斯安那州的領(lǐng)土，路易斯和克拉克探索了這片巨大的新土地。盡管杰斐遜提倡個(gè)人自由，但他同時(shí)也是一個(gè)奴隸主。卸任后，他退休回到他在弗吉尼亞的種植園蒙蒂塞洛，并幫助建立了弗吉尼亞大學(xué)。

     美國(guó)開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)字唬c華盛頓、本杰明·富蘭克林并稱為美利堅(jiān)開(kāi)國(guó)三杰。

　　除了政治事業(yè)外，杰斐遜同時(shí)也是農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)、園藝學(xué)、建筑學(xué)、詞源學(xué)、考古學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、密碼學(xué)、測(cè)量學(xué)與古生物學(xué)等學(xué)科的專家；又身兼作家、律師與小提琴手；也是弗吉尼亞大學(xué)的創(chuàng)辦人。許多人認(rèn)為他是歷任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)中智慧最高者，并且在他去世前，他宣布解放了他擁有的所有奴隸。

　　他在任期間保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)，托馬斯·杰斐遜是個(gè)重農(nóng)主義者，這在當(dāng)時(shí)的美國(guó)來(lái)看是沒(méi)有錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的美國(guó)95%的人口都是農(nóng)業(yè)人口，但是與此同時(shí)，托馬斯·杰斐遜也注意培育和發(fā)展民族資本主義工業(yè)。從法國(guó)手中購(gòu)買(mǎi)路易斯安那州，使美國(guó)領(lǐng)土近乎增加了一倍。

03

十美元 ：Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury 

In 1789, Washington was unanimously elected as the first president of the United States; he appointed Hamilton as the first secretary of the U.S. Treasury. Seeking to provide lasting financial stability for the new nation, Hamilton argued for the importance of a national banking system and the federal government’s assumption of state debts. Hamilton’s financial policies faced strong opposition from Madison and Thomas Jefferson, then secretary of state, who thought they put far too much power in the hands of the federal government.

1789年，華盛頓被一致推選為美國(guó)第一任總統(tǒng);他任命漢密爾頓為美國(guó)第一任財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)。為了給這個(gè)新國(guó)家提供持久的金融穩(wěn)定，漢密爾頓強(qiáng)調(diào)了國(guó)家銀行體系和聯(lián)邦政府承擔(dān)州債務(wù)的重要性。漢密爾頓的財(cái)政政策遭到麥迪遜和當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)務(wù)卿托馬斯·杰斐遜的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，他們認(rèn)為這些政策讓聯(lián)邦政府掌握了太多的權(quán)力。

Hamilton’s Rivalry With Aaron Burr

Hamilton and Aaron Burr had been political opponents since the debate over the Constitution in 1789. Burr angered Hamilton further by running successfully against Hamilton’s father-in-law, Philip Schuyler, for the U.S. Senate in 1791. “I fear [Burr] is unprincipled both as a public and private man,” Hamilton wrote in 1792, adding that “I feel it a religious duty to oppose his career.”

自從1789年的憲法辯論以來(lái)，漢密爾頓和亞倫·伯爾一直是政治對(duì)手。1791年，伯爾成功地與漢密爾頓的岳父菲利普·斯凱勒(Philip Schuyler)競(jìng)選美國(guó)參議員，這進(jìn)一步激怒了漢密爾頓。漢密爾頓在1792年寫(xiě)道:“我擔(dān)心(伯爾)無(wú)論是作為一個(gè)公眾人物還是一個(gè)普通人，都是沒(méi)有原則的。我覺(jué)得反對(duì)他的職業(yè)生涯是一種宗教責(zé)任?！?/span>

He made good on this in 1800, after Federalist divisions led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr, both Democratic-Republicans, in the 1800 presidential election. Even though Jefferson had long been his political rival, Hamilton helped sway Federalists in Congress to vote in Jefferson’s favor to break the tie and defeat Burr.

1800年，在聯(lián)邦黨人的分裂導(dǎo)致杰斐遜和伯爾產(chǎn)生了關(guān)聯(lián)。在1800年的總統(tǒng)選舉中，盡管杰斐遜長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直是他的政治對(duì)手，漢密爾頓還是幫助國(guó)會(huì)中的聯(lián)邦黨人投票支持杰斐遜，從而打破了僵局，擊敗了伯爾。

Largely sidelined by Jefferson as vice president, Burr decided to run for governor of New York in 1804. After he lost, largely due to the opposition of powerful party rivals, the frustrated Burr fixated on a newspaper article, published during the gubernatorial campaign, which claimed that Hamilton had insulted him at a private dinner. He wrote to Hamilton confronting him about the slight. When Hamilton characteristically refused to back down, Burr challenged him to a duel.

1804年，伯爾決定競(jìng)選紐約州州長(zhǎng)，在杰斐遜擔(dān)任副總統(tǒng)期間，他基本上是被忽視的。敗選后，沮喪的伯爾開(kāi)始關(guān)注在州長(zhǎng)競(jìng)選期間發(fā)表的一篇報(bào)紙文章，該文章稱漢密爾頓在一次私人晚宴上侮辱了他。他寫(xiě)信給漢密爾頓，就這一侮辱當(dāng)面質(zhì)問(wèn)他。漢密爾頓以他的性格拒絕讓步，伯爾向他提出決斗的挑戰(zhàn)。

On July 11, 1804, Hamilton and Burr met on the dueling ground in Weehawken, New Jersey. Both men fired. Hamilton's shot missed, in fact, some historians believe Hamilton never intended to hit Burr, but meant to “throw away his shot.” Burr’s bullet, however, mortally wounded Hamilton, who died the next day of his injuries.

1804年7月11日，漢密爾頓和伯爾在新澤西州維霍肯的決斗場(chǎng)上相遇，兩人都開(kāi)槍決斗。漢密爾頓沒(méi)有擊中，事實(shí)上，一些歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為，漢密爾頓并沒(méi)有打算擊中伯爾，而是想開(kāi)一槍出去。然而，伯爾的子彈使?jié)h密爾頓受了致命傷，第二天他就死了。

    亞歷山大·漢密爾頓，美國(guó)的第一任財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)，有可能是美國(guó)歷史上第一位具有現(xiàn)代金融理念和建立了現(xiàn)代金融體系的美國(guó)人，美國(guó)政黨制度的創(chuàng)建者。

　　在美國(guó)的開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)字?，沒(méi)有哪位的生與死比亞歷山大·漢密爾頓更富戲劇色彩了。在為美國(guó)后來(lái)的財(cái)富和勢(shì)力奠定基礎(chǔ)方面，也沒(méi)有哪位開(kāi)國(guó)老臣的功勞比得上漢密爾頓。

04

100美元----第一名真正的美國(guó)人 

One of the leading figures of early American history, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a statesman, author, publisher, scientist, inventor and diplomat. 

本杰明·富蘭克林(1706-1790)是美國(guó)早期歷史上的主要人物之一，他是一位政治家、作家、出版商、科學(xué)家、發(fā)明家和外交家。

Born into a Boston family of modest means, Franklin had little formal education. He went on to start a successful printing business in Philadelphia and grew wealthy. Franklin was deeply active in public affairs in his adopted city, where he helped launch a lending library, hospital and college and garnered acclaim for his experiments with electricity, among other projects. 

富蘭克林出生在波士頓一個(gè)中等收入的家庭，他幾乎沒(méi)有接受過(guò)正規(guī)教育。后來(lái)，他在費(fèi)城創(chuàng)辦了一家成功的印刷企業(yè)，并變得富有起來(lái)。富蘭克林在他所居住的城市積極參與公共事務(wù)，在那里，他幫助建立了一個(gè)借閱圖書(shū)館、醫(yī)院和大學(xué)，并因他的電實(shí)驗(yàn)和其他項(xiàng)目而贏得了贊譽(yù)。

During the American Revolution, he served in the Second Continental Congress and helped draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He also negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War (1775-83). In 1787, in his final significant act of public service, he was a delegate to the convention that produced the U.S. Constitution.

在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，他參加了第二屆大陸會(huì)議，并幫助起草了1776年的獨(dú)立宣言。他還參與了結(jié)束獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)(1775-83)的1783年《巴黎條約》的談判。1787年，他作為代表參加了制定美國(guó)憲法的大會(huì)，這是他為公眾服務(wù)的最后一項(xiàng)重要舉措。

   印在最大面值上的人，是被譽(yù)為是“第一名真正的美國(guó)人”的本杰明富蘭克林，不像其他面額的鈔票上的人，本杰明富蘭克林沒(méi)有當(dāng)過(guò)美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。

　　他是美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)重要的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之一，參與了多項(xiàng)重要文件的草擬，并曾出任美國(guó)駐法國(guó)大使，成功取得法國(guó)支持美國(guó)獨(dú)立。本杰明·富蘭克林曾經(jīng)進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)關(guān)于電的實(shí)驗(yàn)，并且發(fā)明了避雷針，最早提出電荷守恒定律。他還發(fā)明了雙焦點(diǎn)眼鏡，蛙鞋等等。本杰明·富蘭克林被選為英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)院士。他曾是美國(guó)首位郵政局長(zhǎng)。

   早年，17歲的富蘭克林應(yīng)總督之邀去倫敦幫助采購(gòu)印刷設(shè)備，借此機(jī)會(huì)游歷歐洲，學(xué)問(wèn)大長(zhǎng)，眼界也大開(kāi)。回到北美后，他與朋友合開(kāi)了一家印刷店，印刷和出版了賓夕法尼亞第一份報(bào)紙《賓夕法尼亞報(bào)》。這一年，他22歲。緊接著，就是本杰明富蘭克林傳奇的人生了，傳奇的程度就像他人生的最后用自己年輕時(shí)寫(xiě)的一段話作為結(jié)束語(yǔ)：

The Body of B. Franklin, Printer, 印刷商， B·富蘭克林的軀體

Like the Cover of an old Book, 就像一本舊書(shū)的封面

Its Contents torn out, 沒(méi)有了內(nèi)容

And stript of its Lettering and Gilding,字跡斑駁，鍍金脫落

Lies here, Food for Worms.躺在這里，成為蠕蟲(chóng)的食物

But the Work shall not be lost: 但是他的工作成果不會(huì)丟失

For it will, as he believed, appear once more, 就像他所期待，所相信的那樣，再次出現(xiàn)

In a new & more perfect Edition,以新的更完美的版本

Corrected and Amended 更正和修訂

By the Author.由作者本人著

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