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看英國(guó)歷史，你一定要知道亞瑟王。

01

THINK 3  UNIT 5  STORY 

THINK 3 UNIT 5 第二篇文章是關(guān)于故事和改編成的電影adapted movies ，尤其提到一些根據(jù)歷史傳說(shuō)靈感啟發(fā)的文學(xué)電影市場(chǎng)巨大。 

說(shuō)到這里， 可以想想有沒(méi)有留意過(guò)什么這樣的文學(xué)作品和電影，其實(shí)是相當(dāng)多的，小說(shuō)就是基于事實(shí)之上的?？赡苣阌忠粫r(shí)想不出一個(gè)例子。

平時(shí)就要注意收集各種例子，知識(shí)，才不至于什么都只知道一點(diǎn)卻又講不出來(lái)。 

今天， 給大家拓展一個(gè)相似思路， 也是一個(gè)從歷史改編成的文學(xué)故事和電影----- 由亞瑟王的傳說(shuō)多次改編的電影文學(xué)。

01

亞瑟王的故事

編譯/蜜雪

故事發(fā)生在盎格魯-撒克遜人入侵不列顛群島后，傳說(shuō)是亞瑟王帶領(lǐng)下抵御盎格魯-撒克遜人的入侵。這是英國(guó)人心目中的圓桌騎士。 

King Arthur was said to be a British leader who fought Saxon invaders in the 5th and 6th century. He was a unifying force and beloved by his people. Though his end was tragic, King Arthur is celebrated today and his story is depicted in the hallowed halls of the British Parliament.

據(jù)說(shuō)亞瑟王是5世紀(jì)和6世紀(jì)抗擊撒克遜入侵者的英國(guó)領(lǐng)袖。他是團(tuán)結(jié)的力量，深受人民愛(ài)戴。雖然亞瑟王的死是悲慘的，但今天，他的故事在英國(guó)議會(huì)神圣的大廳里被描繪出來(lái)。

02

Fact or Fiction ?

事實(shí)還是虛構(gòu)？ 

King Arthur is among the most famous literary characters of all time. The Arthurian legend of the Knights of the Round Table, Camelot, the Quest for the Holy Grail, the love affair of Lancelot and Guinevere, and the wizard Merlin have informed and inspired literary, musical, and other major artistic visions for centuries. There have been countless books, major films, operas, television shows, games, toys, plays, and graphic novels either re-telling or inspired by the Arthurian legend which developed in Europe between 1136-1485 CE, was revived in the 19th century CE, and remains popular in the present day.

亞瑟王是歷史上最著名的文學(xué)人物之一。關(guān)于圓桌騎士、卡梅洛特、對(duì)圣杯的追求、蘭斯洛特和桂尼維爾的愛(ài)情故事，以及魔法師梅林，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)為文學(xué)、音樂(lè)和其他藝術(shù)形式提供了靈感。亞瑟王的傳說(shuō)在公元1136-1485年在歐洲發(fā)展起來(lái)，在公元19世紀(jì)再一次輝煌，至今仍很受歡迎。

The basic story goes that, once upon a time, there was a wizard named Merlin who arranged for a mighty king named Uther Pendragon to be with a queen named Igrayne who was another king’s wife. Merlin’s stipulation was that, when the child of their union was born, it would be given to him. All of this happens as it should, the child is named Arthur, and he is given to another lord, Sir Hector, to raise with his own son Kay. Many years later, when Arthur is grown, he accompanies Kay and Hector to a tournament in which Kay is to compete, finds that he forgot Kay’s sword at home, and so takes one he finds in the forest stuck in a stone. This is the Sword in the Stone which can only be drawn from the rock by the true king of Britain.

故事是這樣的，很久以前，有一個(gè)名叫梅林的巫師，他安排一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的國(guó)王烏瑟彭德拉貢和另一個(gè)國(guó)王的妻子在一起。梅林的規(guī)定是，當(dāng)他們的孩子出生時(shí)，孩子將被給予他。這一切都發(fā)生了，這個(gè)孩子叫亞瑟，他被交給了另一個(gè)領(lǐng)主，赫克托，和他自己的兒子凱一起撫養(yǎng)。多年以后，亞瑟長(zhǎng)大了，他和赫克托去陪凱要參加的一場(chǎng)錦標(biāo)賽，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他把凱的劍忘在家里了，于是他把在森林里找到的卡在石頭里的一把劍拿走了。這是石中之劍，而只有真正的不列顛國(guó)王才能從巖石中拔出。

Merlin returns at this point to explain the situation to Arthur, who had no idea he was adopted, and helps him fight the other lords who contest his claim to the throne. Although the Sword in the Stone is frequently associated with the famous weapon Excalibur, they are two different swords. The sword Arthur draws from the stone is broken in a fight with Sir Pellinore and Merlin brings Arthur to a mystical body of water where the Lady of the Lake gives him Excalibur.

這時(shí)梅林向亞瑟解釋了情況，他仍不知道他是被收養(yǎng)的。梅林幫助他與其他領(lǐng)主爭(zhēng)奪王位。亞瑟王從石中拔出的劍在與柏林諾爵士的戰(zhàn)斗中被折斷，梅林帶亞瑟王來(lái)到一片神秘的水域，那里的湖水女神給了他神劍。

Excalibur is more than just a sword; it is a symbol of Arthur’s greatness. In some versions of the legend Arthur gives the sword to Sir Gawain but, in most, it is exclusively Arthur’s. This is in keeping with many ancient tales and legends in which a great hero has some kind of magical weapon. Once Arthur has forced the other lords to recognize his legitimacy, he marries the beautiful queen Guinevere and sets up his court at Camelot.

這把神劍不僅僅是一把劍;它是亞瑟偉大的象征。在一些版本的傳說(shuō)中，亞瑟王把劍給了高文爵士，但在大多數(shù)傳說(shuō)中，它完全是屬于亞瑟王的。在許多古代故事和傳說(shuō)中，偉大的英雄都有某件神奇的武器。

亞瑟強(qiáng)迫其他領(lǐng)主承認(rèn)他的合法性后，他娶了美麗的皇后桂尼維爾，并在卡梅洛特建立他的宮廷。

He invites the greatest knights of the realm to come and dine in his banquet hall but, when they do, they begin fighting over who will get the best seat. Arthur severely punishes the knight who began the trouble and, to avert any repeat in the future, accepts a round table from his father-in-law. From this time on, he explains, everyone sitting at the table will be equal, including himself, and everyone’s opinions will be weighed seriously no matter their social standing. Further, anyone requiring assistance will be welcomed in the hall to request it and every wrong shall be righted by Arthur and his knights.

他邀請(qǐng)全國(guó)最偉大的騎士來(lái)他的宴會(huì)廳用餐，但是，當(dāng)他們來(lái)的時(shí)候，他們?yōu)檎l(shuí)能得到最好的座位而爭(zhēng)吵，亞瑟嚴(yán)厲懲罰了帶頭吵架的騎士。為了避免以后再發(fā)生同樣的事情，他從岳父那里接受了一張圓桌。他解釋說(shuō)，從現(xiàn)在起，每個(gè)人都將是平等的，包括他自己，每個(gè)人的意見(jiàn)都將被認(rèn)真考慮，不管他們的社會(huì)地位。此外，任何需要幫助的人都可以在這里提出請(qǐng)求，他們將一起互相給予幫助。

The motif of the Round Table, along with the magical weapon, sets Arthur above the kings who have preceded him who believed that their position of power dictated what was right or wrong; Arthur believes that everyone’s opinion is valid and that might should be used to support right, not define it. Arthur again sends out invitations to noble knights to join him but this time his messengers are to go even farther, beyond the boundaries of Britain.

圓桌的主題，連同那件神奇的武器，使亞瑟凌駕于他之前的那些國(guó)王之上。亞瑟相信每個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)都是有用的，應(yīng)該用以支持，而不是去下定義。

The greatest adventure the knights undertake is the quest for the Holy Grail. The grail is originally a platter in the French version of the legend or cauldron in the Welsh. It is transformed, however, into the cup of Christ used at the Last Supper by the time Malory revises the story and this is how it is generally understood. The grail quest can only be completed by a knight pure of heart and this is finally accomplished by Galahad, son of Lancelot.

騎士們最偉大的冒險(xiǎn)就是尋找圣杯。圣杯最初是傳說(shuō)的法國(guó)版本的淺盤(pán)，威爾士版本的鍋。然而，在馬洛里修改故事的時(shí)候，它被變成了耶穌在最后的晚餐中使用的杯子，這就是人們對(duì)它的普遍理解。圣杯的追尋只能由一名心地純潔的騎士來(lái)完成，而這最終由蘭斯洛特的兒子加拉哈德完成。

Throughout all these adventures there are a number of times Guinevere is kidnapped by some menacing lord and has to be rescued or other ladies are in distress and also need the assistance of a noble knight. There are dragons, giants, invisible spirits, sacred wells, unending waters to cross, inanimate objects which move and speak, courageous heroes, scheming villains, women who are beautiful and noble and others whose beauty conceals their devious nature. Encountering all of these, Arthur remains a good and noble king until the affair of his queen and best friend is revealed by Arthur’s illegitimate son Mordred who then challenges Arthur’s right to rule.

傳說(shuō)中在戰(zhàn)斗中，桂尼維爾或其他女性被一些領(lǐng)主綁架，需要貴族騎士的幫助。（在此奠定了大家對(duì)騎士風(fēng)度翩翩的印象） 。龍，巨人，無(wú)形的靈魂，神圣的井，無(wú)盡的水，會(huì)說(shuō)話(huà)的無(wú)生命的物體，勇敢的英雄，詭計(jì)多端的惡棍，美麗高貴的女性和一些用美麗掩蓋邪惡本質(zhì)的人....面對(duì)著所有這些，亞瑟王仍然是一個(gè)善良和高貴的國(guó)王。后來(lái)他的王后桂尼維爾和他最信任的手下蘭斯洛特的婚外情被亞瑟王的私生子揭露（他是被施了魔法才出軌生的私生子）。

In the final battle between Mordred and Arthur, Mordred is killed and Arthur mortally wounded. Guinevere retires to a convent and Lancelot to a hermitage. All of the other great knights of the court are killed. Sir Bedevere helps Arthur from the field and returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake. Once the sword has been returned, Arthur dies and is carried away on a ship to the isle of Avalon.

在莫德雷德和亞瑟的最后一戰(zhàn)中，莫德雷德被殺，亞瑟受了致命傷。桂尼維爾最后到了女修道院去了（據(jù)說(shuō)是去懺悔了后半輩子），蘭斯洛特則隱居了。所有其他偉大的騎士都被殺了。比德維爾爵士幫助亞瑟離開(kāi)了戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，并將王者之劍交還給了湖水女神。寶劍被歸還后，亞瑟死了，尸體被一艘船帶到阿瓦隆島。

One of the most enduring motifs of the legend is that of the Damsel in Distress who must be rescued by a noble knight who then, in many stories, marries her. It has been pointed out that the Arthurian legend, from the time of Chretien de Troyes onward, elevated the status and power of women. Even the damsel in distress often turns out to be a queen who possesses great wealth, land, or magical items. This is a significant departure from the literature of the Middle Ages in which women are usually depicted as objects to be fought over or protected.

傳說(shuō)最經(jīng)久不衰的主題，就是一個(gè)高貴的騎士拯救并娶了一個(gè)陷入困境的少女。亞瑟王的傳說(shuō)，從克雷蒂安·德·特魯瓦開(kāi)始，就提升了女性的地位和權(quán)力。即使是身處困境的少女，往往也有可能變成擁有大量財(cái)富、土地或魔法的女王。這與中世紀(jì)的文學(xué)作品有很大的不同，在中世紀(jì)，女性通常被描繪成被爭(zhēng)奪或保護(hù)的對(duì)象。

It has been suggested that the legends are Christian allegories which symbolically represent a believer's journey of faith. The quest for the Holy Grail, for example, exemplifies the Christian path: one must be pure of heart to complete it but, even if one is not, the life of the participant is still improved through the attempt. It has also been claimed that the legends are mystical allegories. 

有人認(rèn)為這些傳說(shuō)是基督教的寓言，象征性地代表了信徒的信仰之旅。例如，對(duì)圣杯的追求就是基督教道路的例證: 一個(gè)人必須有一顆純潔的心來(lái)完成它。也有人聲稱(chēng)這些傳說(shuō)是某種神秘的寓言。

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