北京ket閱讀 英國(guó)歷史第一講---英國(guó)為什么叫ENGLAND
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Prehistory & Antiquity
選:A Brief History of England
編譯 :蜜雪
England was settled by humans for at least 500,000 years. The first modern humans (homo sapiens) arrived during the Ice Age (about 35,000 to 10,000 years ago), when the sea levels were lower and Britain was connected to the European mainland. It is these people who built the ancient megalithic monuments of Stonehenge and Avebury.
人類在英國(guó)定居了至少50萬(wàn)年。第一批現(xiàn)代人(智人)是在冰河時(shí)代(約35,000至10,000年前)到達(dá)英國(guó)的。當(dāng)時(shí)海平面較低,英國(guó)與歐洲大陸相連。正是這些人建造了古代巨石陣和埃夫伯里的巨石紀(jì)念碑。
Between 1,500 and 500 BCE, Celtic tribes migrated from Central Europe and France to Britain and mixed with the indigenous inhabitants, creating a new culture slightly distinct from the Continental Celtic one. This was the Bronze Age.
在公元前1500年到500年間,凱爾特部落從中歐和法國(guó)遷移到英國(guó),并與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢诤希瑒?chuàng)造了一種與凱爾特大陸略有不同的新文化。這是青銅時(shí)代。
注: 凱爾特人(Celts),他們?cè)诹_馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期與日耳曼人、斯拉夫人一起被羅馬人并稱為歐洲的三大蠻族,也是現(xiàn)今歐洲人的代表民族之一。
The Romans tried a first time to invade Britannia (the Latin name of the island) in 55 BCE under Julius Caesar, but weren't successful until 43 CE, during the reign of Emperor Claudius. In 122 CE, Emperor Hadrian built a wall in the north of Britannia to keep the barbarian Pics at bay.
公元前55年,在愷撒大帝的統(tǒng)治下,羅馬人第一次試圖入侵不列顛尼亞(該島的拉丁名),但直到公元43年克勞迪亞斯大帝統(tǒng)治時(shí)期才成功。公元122年,哈德良皇帝在不列顛尼亞北部建造了一堵墻,以抵御野蠻人的攻勢(shì)。
凱撒大帝
哈德良長(zhǎng)城(Hadrians Wall),位于英國(guó)的不列顛島上,是羅馬帝國(guó)在占領(lǐng)不列顛時(shí)修建的,從建成后到棄守,它一直是羅馬帝國(guó)的西北邊界。
The Romans controlled most of present-day England and Wales, and founded a large number of cities that still exist today. London, York, St Albans, Bath, Exeter, Lincoln, Leicester, Worcester, Gloucester, Chichester, Winchester, Colchester, Manchester, Chester, Lancaster, were all Roman towns, as in fact were all the cities with names now ending in -chester, -cester or -caster, which derive from Latin castrum ("fortification").
羅馬人當(dāng)時(shí)控制了今天的英格蘭和威爾士的大部分地區(qū),并建立了大量的城市,這些城市至今仍然存在。
倫敦、約克、圣奧爾本斯、巴斯、??巳?、林肯、萊斯特、伍斯特、格洛斯特、奇切斯特、溫徹斯特、科爾切斯特、曼徹斯特、切斯特、蘭開斯特都是羅馬城鎮(zhèn),事實(shí)上,現(xiàn)在所有的城市名字都以切斯特-chester 、切斯特-cester 或卡斯特-caster 結(jié)尾,這些名字來(lái)源于拉丁語(yǔ)castrum(“防御工事”)。
羅馬統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的英國(guó),沿用了不少羅馬傳統(tǒng),卻也保留了當(dāng)?shù)刈约旱奶厣?/span>
The Anglo-Saxons
The Romans progressively abandoned Britannia in the 5th century as their Empire was falling apart and legions were needed to protect Rome.
公元5世紀(jì),羅馬人逐漸拋棄了不列顛尼亞,因?yàn)樗麄兊牡蹏?guó)正在分崩離析,需要大批軍團(tuán)來(lái)保護(hù)羅馬。
With the Romans gone, the Celtic tribes started fighting with each others again, and one of the local chieftain had the not so brilliant idea to request help from the some Germanic tribes from the North of present-day Germany and South of Denmark. These were the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who arrived in the 5th and 6th centuries.
隨著羅馬人的離去,凱爾特部落又開始互相爭(zhēng)斗,而當(dāng)?shù)氐囊粋€(gè)酋長(zhǎng)不太明智地向現(xiàn)在德國(guó)北部和丹麥南部的一些日耳曼部落請(qǐng)求幫助。他們是盎格魯人,撒克遜人和朱特人,他們?cè)?世紀(jì)和6世紀(jì)來(lái)到這里。
However, things did not happen as the Celts had expected. The Germanic tribes did not go back home after the fight, and on the contrary felt strong enough to seize the whole of the country for themselves, which they did, pushing back all the Celtic tribes to Wales and Cornwall, and founding their respective kingdoms of Kent (the Jutes), Essex, Sussex and Wessex (the Saxons), and further north East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria (the Angles). These 7 kingdoms, which rules over all England from about 500 to 850 AD, were later known as the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.
然而,事情并沒有像凱爾特人所期望的那樣發(fā)生。日耳曼部落沒有戰(zhàn)斗后回去,相反, 他們想抓住整個(gè)國(guó)家。他們將所有的凱爾特部落趕到威爾士,康沃爾,并成立他們自己的肯特王國(guó)(朱特人),埃塞克斯,蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯(撒克遜人),并進(jìn)一步北東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森比亞(盎格魯人)。這7個(gè)王國(guó)在公元500年到850年間統(tǒng)治著整個(gè)英格蘭,后來(lái)被稱為盎格魯-撒克遜七國(guó)。
Septarchy“ 七國(guó)時(shí)代”(5世紀(jì)中葉—9世紀(jì)初)
注: Anglo-Saxon的本意就是Angles 和Saxons兩個(gè)民族結(jié)合的民族。兩者中盎格魯基本離開了大陸,把老家留給了丹麥人,撒克遜人還在大陸上留下相當(dāng)大的勢(shì)力,讓查理曼大帝打了30年,屠殺無(wú)數(shù)才征服。漢語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)為了區(qū)分留在大陸和去英國(guó)的撒克遜就把一個(gè)叫做薩克森一個(gè)叫撒克遜,但英語(yǔ)和丹麥語(yǔ)里沒有區(qū)分。
另外,撒克遜人比盎格魯人更殘暴,撒克遜saxon來(lái)自他們使用的大砍刀sax或scramasax,現(xiàn)稱seax。盎格魯Angeln來(lái)自angon,意為帶倒鉤的矛(拉丁文angulus為“角”之意)。七國(guó)時(shí)期(Septarchy)的七國(guó)國(guó)家從北至南是諾森伯利亞(Northumbria,即意為:翁伯河以北的國(guó)家),麥西亞(Mercia,,“憐憫”),Essex(east-saxon,東薩克森國(guó)),East Anglia(東昂格里亞,盎格魯人的國(guó)家),Wessex(west-saxon,西薩克森國(guó)),Sussex(south-saxon,南薩克森國(guó)),Kent(肯特國(guó),大致為現(xiàn)在英國(guó)的肯特郡)。
以上國(guó)家中,中部、西南部的Essex、Wessex、Sussex均為薩克森人國(guó)家(從名字就能看出),中北部到北部的East Anglia、Northumbria(諾森布里亞王國(guó))、Mercia(麥西亞)為盎格魯人國(guó)家,只有東南沿海的Kent為朱特人國(guó)家。所以英國(guó)也被稱為Anglo-Saxon人。
不列顛成了盎格魯和撒克遜人的地盤,于是不列顛被命名為“盎格魯—撒克遜人的土地”Anglo-Saxon’s land.
ENGLAND 一詞也就由此而來(lái),盎格魯—撒克遜人說的語(yǔ)言就是English.
七國(guó)時(shí)代”(5世紀(jì)中葉—9世紀(jì)初)
The early history of Wessex kingdom is marked by frequent conflict with the neighboring Kingdom of Mercia which continued until the reign of King Egbert(also given as Ecgberht, r. 802-839 CE) who conquered Mercia and annexed their lands. Wessex continued to prosper under Egbert's successors and reached its height under Alfred the Great (r. 871-899 CE).
威塞克斯王國(guó)的早期歷史以與鄰近的麥西亞王國(guó)的頻繁沖突為標(biāo)志,這種沖突一直持續(xù)到愛格伯特國(guó)王征服麥西亞并吞并了他們的土地。在愛格伯特的繼任者的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,威塞克斯繼續(xù)繁榮,并在阿爾弗雷德大帝(公元871-899年)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下達(dá)到頂峰。
下一講英國(guó)歷史,我們?cè)撝v到維京時(shí)代Viking Age 和英國(guó)歷史上唯一被授予 the Great (大帝)名號(hào)的國(guó)王, 被后人尊稱為 “英國(guó)國(guó)父”的阿爾弗雷德大帝。
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