北京劍橋少兒英語(yǔ)閱讀 RE2課程切片拓展-- 美國(guó)歷史1
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文化,歷史和語(yǔ)言不分家。當(dāng)你閱讀英文讀到相關(guān)世界史的時(shí)候, 有必要和學(xué)生講述這一段短短幾百年的歷史。
當(dāng)我們學(xué)到探險(xiǎn)家,大航海時(shí)代,由此開始的英國(guó)殖民擴(kuò)張時(shí)代,這段歷史也就隨之必須講到了。
美國(guó)何以成為美國(guó)?
美國(guó)為什么會(huì)有今天濃厚的宗教氛圍?
從歷史講起,美國(guó)很多精神就是從那時(shí)候開始的。
Polymouth普利茅斯
In September 1620, during the reign of King James I, a group of around 100 English men and women—many of them members of the English Separatist Church later known to history as the Pilgrims—set sail for the New World aboard the Mayflower. Two months later, the three-masted merchant ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in present-day Massachusetts.
1620年9月,在國(guó)王詹姆斯一世統(tǒng)治期間,一群大約100多人的英國(guó)人——其中許多是英國(guó)分離主義教會(huì)的成員,后來(lái)在歷史上被稱為清教徒——乘坐五月花號(hào)前往新大陸。兩個(gè)月后,這艘三桅商船在科德角(現(xiàn)在的馬薩諸塞州)登陸。
100多人中只有一部分乘客可以稱得上是“清教徒”。他們都是虔誠(chéng)的分離國(guó)教者,簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)說(shuō)就是他們反對(duì)英國(guó)國(guó)教的天主教色彩太過(guò)濃重——也就是說(shuō),他們反對(duì)將改造得不夠徹底的天主教作為英國(guó)國(guó)教。另外一部分乘客登上五月花號(hào)則不是為了宗教自由,而是為了前往新世界開始新生活并獲得財(cái)富。這批人就是要建立一個(gè)心中的理想社會(huì)。
In late December, the Mayflower anchored at Plymouth Rock, where the pilgrims formed the first permanent settlement of Europeans in New England. Though more than half of the original settlers died during that grueling first winter, the survivors were able to secure peace treaties with neighboring Native American tribes and build a largely self-sufficient economy within five years. Plymouth was the first colonial settlement in New England.
12月下旬,五月花號(hào)在普利茅斯巖(Plymouth Rock)拋錨,在那里,清教徒們形成了歐洲人在新英格蘭地區(qū)的第一個(gè)永久定居點(diǎn)。雖然在第一個(gè)嚴(yán)冬中,半數(shù)以上的原定居者都死了,但幸存者還是與鄰近的美洲土著部落簽訂了和平條約,并在五年內(nèi)建立了基本自給自足的經(jīng)濟(jì)。普利茅斯是新英格蘭的第一個(gè)殖民地。
Journey to the New World
Among the group traveling on the Mayflower in 1620 were close to 40 members of a radical Puritan faction known as the English Separatist Church. Feeling that the Church of England had not sufficiently completed the necessary work of the Protestant Reformation, the group had chosen to break with the church altogether. The Separatists had sought religious freedom before, fleeing England in 1607 and 1608 to settle in the Netherlands, first in Amsterdam and later in the town of Leiden, where they remained for the next decade. Wanting to secure their English language and heritage, and seeking more economic opportunity, the group–later known as the Pilgrims–laid plans for a voyage to the New World aboard the Mayflower.
在1620年乘坐五月花號(hào)的一行人中,有近40名激進(jìn)的清教派成員,他們被稱為英國(guó)分離主義教會(huì)。認(rèn)為英國(guó)國(guó)教沒有充分完成必要的新教改革工作,該集團(tuán)選擇與教會(huì)徹底決裂。分離主義者曾在1607年和1608年逃離英格蘭,定居荷蘭,先是在阿姆斯特丹,后來(lái)在萊頓鎮(zhèn)定居,在那里他們待了十年。為了保住自己的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言和傳統(tǒng),并尋求更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì),這群人(后來(lái)被稱為清教徒)計(jì)劃乘坐五月花號(hào)前往新大陸。
The Pilgrims had originally signed a contract with the Virginia Company to settle near the Hudson River, but rough seas and storms prevented the ship from reaching its initial destination. After 66 days, it reached the shores of Cape Cod, anchoring at the site of Provincetown on November 21. The Pilgrims sent an exploratory party ashore, and on December 18 docked at Plymouth Rock, on the western side of Cape Cod Bay. The explorer John Smith had named the area Plymouth after leaving Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World. The settlers decided the name was appropriate, as the Mayflower had set sail from the port of Plymouth in England.
最初,清教徒們與弗吉尼亞公司( 英國(guó)在美國(guó)第一個(gè)殖民地稱為弗吉尼亞, 后來(lái)掌管殖民地管理的叫“ 弗吉尼亞公司” ) 簽訂了一項(xiàng)協(xié)議,要在哈德遜河附近定居。但由于洶涌的海浪和風(fēng)暴,這艘船沒有到達(dá)最初的目的地。
新英格蘭地區(qū)
普利茅斯——新英格蘭第一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)
The First Thanksgiving
In the Fall of 1621, the Pilgrims famously shared a harvest feast with the Pokanokets; the meal is now considered the basis for the Thanksgiving holiday. It took place over three days between late September and mid-November and included feasting as well as games and military exercises.
1621年秋天,清教徒們和波卡諾卡特人( 土著 ) 一起享用了豐收大餐,這頓飯現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是感恩節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)?;顒?dòng)從9月下旬到11月中旬持續(xù)了三天,活動(dòng)內(nèi)容包括宴會(huì)、游戲和軍事演習(xí)。
The Mayflower Compact
All the adult males aboard the Mayflower had signed the so-called Mayflower Compact, a document that would become the foundation of Plymouth’s government. It was written after a near mutiny on board the Mayflower.
在五月花號(hào)上發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)近乎叛亂之后( 由于船上部分清教徒和其他窮苦人民之間的思想差異, 加上當(dāng)時(shí)航海的艱苦條件) , “五月花”號(hào)上的所有成年男性都簽署了所謂的“五月花契約”,該文件后來(lái)成為普利茅斯政府的基礎(chǔ)。
Plymouth簡(jiǎn)史:
位于美國(guó)東海岸馬薩諸塞州,波士頓市40英里以南的普利茅斯曾是繼弗吉尼亞州詹姆斯鎮(zhèn)后的第二個(gè)成功進(jìn)入美國(guó)的英國(guó)殖民地。1620年11月,五月花號(hào)帶著102名殖民者與清教徒抵達(dá)今天的普利茅斯灣,并簽訂了美國(guó)歷史上第一份政治性契約——《五月花號(hào)公約》。度過(guò)了漫長(zhǎng)嚴(yán)酷的冬季后,在1621年3月登上Plymouth Rock歡呼登陸并建立普利茅斯殖民地。
普利茅斯這個(gè)名字源于英國(guó)西南部港口普利茅斯。
美國(guó)歷史上的第一個(gè)感恩節(jié)也在這里慶祝。
五月花號(hào)是美國(guó)的民主自由的基礎(chǔ):
人們?cè)谧栽傅幕A(chǔ)上,平等形成契約,這是美國(guó)立國(guó)的精神??梢哉f(shuō), 五月花號(hào)公約,塑造了美國(guó)。
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