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RE2 UNIT 8 講到的兩個人物---Marco Polo 和Ibn Battuta,  均是在所謂大航海時代The age of exploration之前的人物。 

我們有必要沿著這條探索線從歷史往下看大航海時代。 

馬可波羅和伊本·白圖塔

   The Polos traveled the Silk Road to China where he met the great ruler Kublai Khan. Marco traveled much of China and the east, and his stories were written into a popular book. His book would go on to inspire other explorers....

  波羅一家沿著絲綢之路來到中國，在那里他遇到了偉大的統(tǒng)治者忽必烈汗。馬可游歷了中國和東方的許多地方，他的故事寫進了他的游記， 據(jù)說是馬可波羅游記激發(fā)了哥倫布的探索熱情。

   第二個課文里提到的人物是 Ibn Battuta

 He was a Muslim explorer who made a series of journeys that spanned nearly three decades. He traveled throughout almost the entire Islamic world, and went as far as India and China...

   他是一名穆斯林探險家，進行了近30年的一系列旅行。他幾乎走遍了整個伊斯蘭世界，遠至印度和中國。

  Ibn Battuta was a great Medieval traveler and explorer. He is often compared to Marco Polo, who died a year before Ibn Battuta left home. But unlike Polo, Ibn Battuta traveled mostly to and within Muslim regions.  His book helped shed light on many aspects of the social, cultural, and political history of a great part of the Muslim world.

  伊本·白圖塔，是一位偉大的中世紀旅行家和探險家。他經常被和馬可·波羅相提，馬可在伊本·白圖泰出發(fā)一年后去世。但與馬可波羅不同的是，伊本·白圖塔主要在穆斯林地區(qū)探索。他的書幫助人們了解了大部分穆斯林世界的社會、文化和政治歷史的許多方面。

A Brief History of the Age of Exploration

出自：Historythought

編譯：蜜雪老師

(An 1891 print shows a parade in honor of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, whose ships circumnavigated the world between 1519 and 1522, Spain, 1522. Magellan, himself, had died in 1521, and the return was achieved under the command of one of Magellan's captains, Juan)

  (一幅1891年的版畫展示了為紀念葡萄牙探險家費迪南德·麥哲倫而舉行的游行。1519年至1522年，麥哲倫的船隊環(huán)游了世界。麥哲倫本人于1521年去世，在他的船長胡安(Juan)的指揮下完成了返航。)

The age of exploration brought about discoveries and advances

The era known as the Age of Exploration, sometimes called the Age of Discovery, officially began in the early 15th century and lasted through the 17th century. The period is characterized as a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge. The impact of the Age of Exploration would permanently alter the world and transform geography into the modern science it is today.

   大航海時代，有時也稱為發(fā)現(xiàn)時代，正式開始于15世紀初，一直持續(xù)到17世紀。這一時期的特點是，歐洲人開始通過海上探索世界，尋找新的貿易路線、財富和知識。大航海時代的影響將永久地改變世界，并將地理轉變?yōu)榻裉斓默F(xiàn)代科學。

The Birth of the Age of Exploration

Many nations were looking for goods such as silver and gold, but one of the biggest reasons for exploration was the desire to find a new route for the spice and silk trades.

  許多國家都在尋找白銀和黃金等商品，但進行探險的最大原因之一是希望為香料和絲綢貿易找到一條新路線。

( The capture and sacking of Constantinople by Turkish troops under Mohammed II, 29th May 1453. The Turkish victory marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottomans. )

(1453年5月29日，穆罕默德二世的土耳其軍隊攻占并洗劫了君士坦丁堡。土耳其的勝利標志著拜占庭帝國的結束和奧斯曼帝國的崛起。)

When the Ottoman Empire took control of Constantinople in 1453, it blocked European access to the area, severely limiting trade. In addition, it also blocked access to North Africa and the Red Sea, two very important trade routes to the Far East.

  1453年，奧斯曼帝國控制了君士坦丁堡，封鎖了歐洲人進入該地區(qū)的通道，嚴重限制了貿易。此外，它還封鎖了通往遠東的兩條非常重要的貿易通道——北非和紅海。

  The first of the journeys associated with the Age of Discovery were conducted by the Portuguese. Although the Portuguese, Spanish, Italians, and others had been plying the Mediterranean for generations, most ailors kept well within sight of land or traveled known routes between ports. Prince Henry the Navigator changed that, encouraging explorers to sail beyond the mapped routes and discover new trade routes to West Africa.

  第一次大航海時代的旅行是由葡萄牙人進行的。盡管葡萄牙人、西班牙人、意大利人和其他國家的人已經在地中海地區(qū)工作了好幾代了，但大多數(shù)水手都在能看到陸地的地方航行，或者在港口之間沿著已知的航線航行。航海家亨利王子改變了這一狀況，他鼓勵探險家們在地圖上標出的航線之外航行，發(fā)現(xiàn)通往西非的新貿易航線。

  Portuguese explorers discovered the Madeira Islands in 1419 and the Azores in 1427. Over the coming decades, they would push farther south along the African coast, reaching the coast of present-day Senegal by the 1440s and the Cape of Good Hope by 1490. Less than a decade later, in 1498, Vasco da Gama would follow this route all the way to India.

  葡萄牙探險家在1419年發(fā)現(xiàn)了馬德拉群島，1427年發(fā)現(xiàn)了亞速爾群島。在接下來的幾十年里，他們沿著非洲海岸向南推進，在1440年代到達現(xiàn)在的塞內加爾海岸，在1490年到達好望角。不到十年后，也就是1498年，瓦斯科·達·伽馬沿著這條路一路來到印度。

The Discovery of the New World

( Illustration titled 'Embarkation and Departure of Columbus from the Port of Palos', On His First Voyage of Discovery, On The 3rd of August, 1492. )

 (圖:1492年8月3日，哥倫布第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸，從帕洛斯港出發(fā)。) 

While the Portuguese were opening new sea routes along Africa, the Spanish also dreamed of finding new trade routes to the Far East. Christopher Columbus, an Italian working for the Spanish monarchy, made his first journey in 1492. Instead of reaching India, Columbus found the island of San Salvador in what is known today as the Bahamas. He also explored the island of Hispaniola, home of modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

  當葡萄牙人沿著非洲開辟新的海上航線時，西班牙人也夢想著找到通往遠東的新貿易航線。為西班牙王室工作的意大利人克里斯托弗·哥倫布于1492年首次踏上征程。但哥倫布到達的不是印度，而是圣薩爾瓦多島，今天的巴哈馬。他還到達了伊斯帕尼奧拉島，即今天的海地和多米尼加共和國的所在地。

Columbus would lead three more voyages to the Caribbean, exploring parts of Cuba and the Central American coast. The Portuguese also reached the New World when explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral explored Brazil, setting off a conflict between Spain and Portugal over the newly claimed lands. As a result, the Treaty of Tordesillas officially divided the world in half in 1494.

  哥倫布又進行了另外三次航行到加勒比海，探索古巴部分地區(qū)和中美洲海岸。葡萄牙探險家佩德羅·阿爾瓦雷斯·卡布拉爾(Pedro Alvares Cabral)探索巴西時也到達新大陸，這引發(fā)了西班牙和葡萄牙之間爭奪新領土的沖突。結果，1494年，《托爾德西亞斯條約》正式將世界一分為二。

  Columbus' journeys opened the door for the Spanish conquest of the Americas. During the next century, men such as Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro would decimate the Aztecs of Mexico, the Incas of Peru, and other indigenous peoples of the Americas. By the end of the Age of Exploration, Spain would rule from the Southwestern United States to the southernmost reaches of Chile and Argentina.

  哥倫布的旅行為西班牙征服美洲打開了大門。在接下來的一個世紀里，像埃爾南·科爾特斯和弗朗西斯科·皮薩羅這樣的人大量屠殺了墨西哥的阿茲特克人、秘魯?shù)挠〖尤撕兔乐薜钠渌林用瘛５酱蠛胶r代結束時，西班牙統(tǒng)治了從美國西南部到智利和阿根廷最南端的地區(qū)。

Opening the Americas

Great Britain and France also began seeking new trade routes and lands across the ocean. In 1497, John Cabot, an Italian explorer working for the English, reached what is believed to be the coast of Newfoundland. A number of French and English explorers followed, including Giovanni da Verrazano, who discovered the entrance to the Hudson River in 1524, and Henry Hudson, who mapped the island of Manhattan first in 1609.

  英國和法國也開始尋找新的貿易路線和跨越海洋的陸地。1497年，為英國人工作的意大利探險家約翰·卡伯特到達了紐芬蘭(New FoundLand)海岸。許多法國和英國探險家緊隨其后,1524年Giovanni da Verrazano發(fā)現(xiàn)哈德遜河入口, 1609年, Henry Hudson首次繪制曼哈頓島地圖。

(Henry Hudson, his boat being greeted by Native Americans at the lakeshore. )

   (亨利·哈德遜，他的船在湖岸受到印第安人的歡迎。) 

Over the next decades, the French, Dutch, and British would all vie for dominance. England established the first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Samuel du Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608, and Holland established a trading outpost in present-day New York City in 1624.

   在接下來的幾十年里，法國、荷蘭和英國都在爭奪新領地的統(tǒng)治地位。1607年，英國在弗吉尼亞州的詹姆斯敦建立了北美第一個永久殖民地。1608年，塞繆爾·杜·尚普蘭成立了魁北克市，1624年，荷蘭在今天的紐約市建立了一個貿易前哨。

Other important voyages of exploration during this era included Ferdinand Magellan's attempted circumnavigation of the globe, the search for a trade route to Asia through the Northwest Passage, and Captain James Cook's voyages that allowed him to map various areas and travel as far as Alaska.

  在這一時期，其他重要的探險航行包括費迪南德·麥哲倫的環(huán)球航行，通過西北航道尋找通往亞洲的貿易路線。詹姆斯·庫克船長從航行中繪制不同地區(qū)的地圖，他最遠到達阿拉斯加。

The End of the Era

The Age of Exploration ended in the early 17th century after technological advancements and increased knowledge of the world allowed Europeans to travel easily across the globe by sea. The creation of permanent settlements and colonies created a network of communication and trade, therefore ending the need to search for new routes.

  17世紀早期，隨著技術的進步和對世界的了解的增加，歐洲人可以便利地通過海路環(huán)游世界，大航海時代就此結束。永久定居點和殖民地的建立建立了通信和貿易網(wǎng)絡，也不再需要尋找新的路線了。

It is important to note that exploration did not cease entirely at this time. Eastern Australia was not officially claimed for Britain by Capt. James Cook until 1770, while much of the Arctic and Antarctic were not explored until the 20th century. Much of Africa also was unexplored by Westerners until the late 19th century and early 20th century.

  值得注意的是，探索并沒有完全停止。直到1770年，詹姆斯·庫克船長才正式宣稱東澳大利亞是英國的領土，而北極和南極的大部分地區(qū)直到20世紀才被勘探過。非洲的大部分地區(qū)直到19世紀末和20世紀初才被西方人探索過。

  然而， 以上提到的大航海時代的探險家， 基本都死得很慘，航海時代也是一個痛苦的發(fā)現(xiàn)之旅。并且形成了早期歐洲霸占世界的格局，也改變了世界歷史。

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